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Updated: Feb 23, 2026
Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
Published on: November 4, 2025
A simple and accurate craniofacial midsagittal plane definition
Moshe Noam Green1, Jonathan Michael Bloom2, Richard Kulbersh1
1School of Orthodontics, Unversity of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Mich.
Introduction:
In this article, we aimed to establish an ideal definition for the craniofacial midsagittal plane (MSP) by first finding an optimal "plane of best fit" and then deriving a simple approximation for clinical use that is highly accurate.
Methods:
For 60 adolescent patients, 3-dimensional coordinates of 8 central landmarks and 6 pairs of lateral landmarks were collected. Across all patients, the coplanarity of the central landmarks was compared with that of the midpoints of the lateral landmarks. The MSP of best fit was then found by minimizing the mean square distance of the 8 central landmarks to a plane. Across all patients, each possible 3-point plane was compared with the MSP of best fit with respect to both orientation and proximity.
Results:
The central landmarks were more coplanar and thus more accurate than the midpoints of the lateral pairs. The plane defined by nasion, basion, and incisive foramen was the closest to the MSP of best fit in both orientation and proximity.
Conclusions:
The nasion-basion-incisive foramen plane should be used for skull orientation and 3-dimensional cephalometric analyses because it approximates the MSP of best fit with high accuracy, avoids the use of horizontal reference planes, avoids influence from upper and midface asymmetry, uses easily identifiable relevant landmarks, and is simple to define.
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