Imbalances in Cardiac Output
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology
Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Heart Failure III: Clinical Manifestations
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Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Noninvasive Determination of Vortex Formation Time Using Transesophageal Echocardiography During Cardiac Surgery
Published on: November 28, 2018
Tao Tian1, Kun-Qi Yang1, Yi Mao1
1Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is often missed in older adults. This condition carries a high mortality risk, with syncope and LV dysfunction being key indicators of adverse outcomes.
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