Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 23, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
Published on: July 8, 2025
Faciobrachial dystonic seizures result from fronto-temporo-basalganglial network involvement
Rajesh Shankar Iyer1, T C R Ramakrishnan1, Karunakaran2
1Department of Neurology, KG Hospital & Post Graduate Medical Institute, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
Abstract:
•Faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS) are caused by autoantibodies to leucine-rich glioma-inactivated1 proteins, a component of the voltage-gated potassium channel complex (VGKC-complex) and precede the clinical presentation of limbic encephalitis.•The exact pathophysiology of FBDS is not known and whether they are seizures or movement disorder is still debated.•We suggest the fronto-temporo-basal ganglia network involving the medial frontal and temporal regions along with the corpus striatum and substantia nigra being responsible for the clinical phenomenon of FBDS.•The varied clinical, electrical and imaging features of FBDS in our cases and in the literature are best explained by involvement of this network.•Entrainment from any part of this network will result in similar clinical expression of FBDS, whereas other electro-clinical associations and duration depends on the extent of involvement of the network.
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