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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

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Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin,...
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Allergic Reactions02:06

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Overview
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Hypersensitivities01:30

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
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Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

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Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing...
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Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial...
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice
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Idiopathic Anaphylaxis.

Bright I Nwaru1, Sangeeta Dhami2, Aziz Sheikh1

  • 1Allergy and Respiratory Research Group, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Medical School Doorway 3, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK.

Current Treatment Options in Allergy
|September 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Idiopathic anaphylaxis, a rare but life-threatening condition, requires careful diagnosis and prompt epinephrine treatment. Evidence for its management is limited, relying on case series and expert opinions for guidance.

Keywords:
AnaphylaxisCorticosteroidsDiagnosisEpinephrineH1-antihistamineTreatment

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Area of Science:

  • Allergy and Immunology
  • Emergency Medicine

Background:

  • Idiopathic anaphylaxis is a rare, life-threatening condition lacking robust evidence-based treatment guidelines.
  • Diagnosis is made by exclusion, necessitating a comprehensive evaluation to rule out known triggers and other conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding and management of idiopathic anaphylaxis.
  • To highlight diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies for this rare disorder.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature, case series, and expert opinions on idiopathic anaphylaxis.
  • Discussion of diagnostic work-up including skin-prick testing, specific IgE, component-resolved diagnostics, and allergen challenges.
  • Outline of treatment protocols including epinephrine, antihistamines, corticosteroids, and preventive therapies.

Main Results:

  • Prompt intramuscular epinephrine is crucial for good prognosis in idiopathic anaphylaxis.
  • H1-antihistamines and corticosteroids serve as effective second-line treatments.
  • Preventive therapies like corticosteroids, antihistamines, and mast cell stabilizers may be considered for frequent episodes.

Conclusions:

  • Idiopathic anaphylaxis requires a thorough diagnostic process and prompt management with epinephrine.
  • Long-term management may involve a stepwise approach with various medications, with potential for discontinuation of corticosteroids over time.
  • Pediatric and adult patients require similar treatment regimens with appropriate dose adjustments, and continuous access to emergency medication is vital.