Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect01:26

Causes of Similarity-Dissimilarity Effect

275
The similarity-dissimilarity effect, a fundamental concept in social psychology, explains how interpersonal similarities and differences influence attraction and social interactions. This effect is supported by three key psychological perspectives: balance theory, social comparison theory, and consensual validation.Balance Theory and Cognitive ConsistencyBalance theory, developed by Fritz Heider, posits that individuals seek cognitive consistency in their relationships. When two people share...
275
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

19.0K
One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
19.0K
Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects01:29

Self-Discrepancy and Its Effects

352
Self-discrepancy theory explains how people compare their actual self to their ideal and ought selves and how mismatches between these self-guides can lead to emotional distress. Developed by E. Tory Higgins, the theory distinguishes among three components of self-concept: the actual self, the ideal self, and the ought self. These refer respectively to how individuals perceive themselves, how they aspire to be, and how they believe they are obligated to be. Emotional well-being, self-esteem,...
352
Confirmation Biases01:31

Confirmation Biases

8.3K
The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
8.3K
Understanding Deception01:14

Understanding Deception

191
Deception is a pervasive aspect of human communication. Empirical studies have shown that most individuals engage in some form of deceit on a daily basis, with approximately 20% of social exchanges involving deceptive elements. Lying follows a developmental trajectory, peaking during adolescence and declining with age, possibly due to the maturation of cognitive control and social accountability.Cognitive and Social Factors in Deception DetectionDespite its prevalence, accurately detecting...
191

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Shared memories of event details in the human brain are altered by misinformation and test expectations.

PLoS biology·2026
Same author

Who believes in repressed memories? The roles of gender, age, and education in a national sample of United States adults.

Memory (Hove, England)·2025
Same author

The misinformation effect: A contemporary replication and extension of Loftus et al. (1978) to investigate its underlying mechanisms.

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition·2025
Same author

Repressed Memories (of Sexual Abuse Against Minors) and Statutes of Limitations in Europe: Status Quo and Possible Alternatives.

Topics in cognitive science·2024
Same author

Cross-stage neural pattern similarity in the hippocampus predicts false memory derived from post-event inaccurate information.

Nature communications·2023
Same author

Oversimplifications and Misrepresentations in the Repressed Memory Debate: A Reply to Ross.

Journal of child sexual abuse·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 23, 2026

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
07:26

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Published on: January 31, 2017

40.0K

Discrepancy detection in the retrieval-enhanced suggestibility paradigm.

Brendon Jerome Butler1, Elizabeth F Loftus1

  • 1a Department of Psychology and Social Behavior , University of California , Irvine , CA , USA.

Memory (Hove, England)
|September 14, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Recalling an event can increase suggestibility to misinformation, but only if discrepancies are missed. Detecting inconsistencies protects against misinformation, with concurrent assessment negating the effect.

Keywords:
Discrepancy detectionmisinformationretrieval practiceretrieval-enhanced suggestibilitytesting

More Related Videos

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
08:53

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

10.3K
A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

3.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 23, 2026

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory
07:26

The Deese-Roediger-McDermott DRM Task: A Simple Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate False Memories in the Laboratory

Published on: January 31, 2017

40.0K
Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
08:53

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

Published on: November 14, 2018

10.3K
A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

3.0K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Research
  • Eyewitness Testimony

Background:

  • Retrieval-enhanced suggestibility (RES) describes how recalling an event heightens susceptibility to later misinformation.
  • Previous research indicates that initial retrieval practice can increase misinformation effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific role of retrieval in the retrieval-enhanced suggestibility (RES) paradigm.
  • To examine how discrepancy detection moderates the relationship between retrieval practice and misinformation susceptibility.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments were conducted involving retrieval practice of a witnessed event followed by exposure to post-event misinformation.
  • Participants' ability to detect discrepancies between the original event and misinformation was assessed.
  • In Experiments 2 and 3, concurrent consistency assessment of misinformation narratives was implemented.

Main Results:

  • Initial retrieval practice increased misinformation susceptibility, but only when participants failed to detect discrepancies.
  • Retrospective discrepancy detection conferred resistance to misinformation across all experiments.
  • Concurrent consistency assessment negated the RES effect; surprisingly, retrieval practice plus discrepancy detection led to higher endorsement than controls.

Conclusions:

  • The RES effect is subject to limiting conditions, particularly the participant's ability to detect inconsistencies.
  • Discrepancy detection is a critical factor in mitigating misinformation effects, even after retrieval practice.
  • The interplay between retrieval, discrepancy detection, and misinformation endorsement is complex and warrants further investigation.