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Glaciation as a migratory switch.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Bird migratory behavior shifted during glacial cycles. Many long-distance migrants likely became sedentary in the tropics, reverting to ancestral states, while ranges shifted south for all species.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Paleoclimatology
  • Ornithology

Background:

  • Avian migratory behavior is evolutionarily flexible.
  • The impact of past glacial cycles on bird migration is not fully understood.
  • Traditional views suggest species shifted ranges southward during glacial periods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how bird migratory behavior evolved during glacial cycles.
  • To test the hypothesis that species remained migratory or shifted ranges south.
  • To explore the role of glacial cycles as adaptive switches for migratory strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Ecological niche models were constructed for breeding and wintering ranges of 56 bird species.
  • Species distributions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) were analyzed.
  • Phylogenetic analysis of warblers was used to correlate migratory behavior with past distributions.

Main Results:

  • 70% of long-distance North American migrants likely lacked suitable LGM breeding habitat.
  • These species may have reverted to a sedentary, tropical resident ancestral state.
  • 27% of short-distance migrants experienced altered migratory behavior during the LGM.
  • All species exhibited southward range shifts during the LGM.

Conclusions:

  • Glacial cycles may act as adaptive switches, causing species to oscillate between sedentary and migratory strategies.
  • Range shifts are more frequent than speciation and are inadequately represented by phylogenetic reconstructions alone.
  • Reconstructing the evolutionary history of traits like migration requires considering past glacial maximum distributions.