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Immune checkpoint blockade in infectious diseases.

Michelle N Wykes¹, Sharon R Lewin^2,3

¹QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia.

Nature Reviews. Immunology

|October 10, 2017

Summary

Immune checkpoint molecules like PD1 and CTLA4 are upregulated in infections, hindering pathogen clearance. Targeting these pathways, successful in cancer, shows promise for treating infectious diseases.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Infectious Diseases
Cancer Therapy

Background:

Immune checkpoint molecules (programmed cell death protein 1 - PD1, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 - CTLA4) are upregulated during acute and chronic infections (e.g., malaria, HIV, hepatitis B).
These pathways regulate immune responses, preventing self-damage but potentially limiting pathogen clearance.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of immune checkpoint pathways in infectious disease pathogenesis.
To discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting these pathways for infectious diseases.

Main Methods:

Literature review of immune checkpoint pathways in infectious diseases.
Analysis of immune checkpoint blockade success in cancer therapy.
Discussion of therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases.

Main Results:

Immune checkpoints play a dual role in infections: protecting hosts but impairing pathogen elimination.
Immune checkpoint blockade is a validated therapeutic strategy in oncology.

Conclusions:

Targeting immune checkpoints offers a promising therapeutic avenue for managing and treating various infectious diseases.
Further research into immune checkpoint modulation in infectious disease is warranted.