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Related Concept Videos

Frictional Force01:07

Frictional Force

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When a body is in motion, it encounters resistance because the body interacts with its surroundings. This resistance is known as friction, a common yet complex force whose behavior is still not completely understood. Friction opposes relative motion between systems in contact, but also allows us to move. Friction arises in part due to the roughness of surfaces in contact. For one object to move along a surface, it must rise to where the peaks of the surface can skip along the bottom of the...
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Types of Friction Problems01:27

Types of Friction Problems

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Friction is an essential concept in physics, engineering, and everyday life. It is the force that opposes the relative motion or tendency of such motion between two surfaces in contact. One of the most common types of friction encountered in various applications is dry friction. Dry friction problems can be broadly categorized into three types, each with unique characteristics and challenges.
The first type of dry friction problem involves situations where there is no apparent impending motion....
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Static and Kinetic Frictional Force01:05

Static and Kinetic Frictional Force

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One of the simpler characteristics of sliding friction is that it is parallel to the contact surfaces between systems, and is always in a direction that opposes the motion or attempted motion of the systems relative to each other. If two systems are in contact and moving relative to one another, then the friction between them is called kinetic friction. For example, kinetic friction slows a hockey puck sliding on ice.
However, if two systems are in contact and are stationary relative to one...
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Characteristics of Dry Friction01:21

Characteristics of Dry Friction

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Dry friction occurs when two solid surfaces slide against each other without any lubrication or fluid present. It causes resistance when pushing objects along a surface, like a gardener pushing a wheelbarrow. The force applied to move the cart causes dry friction between the wheel and the ground.
Before the wheelbarrow starts moving, the static frictional force acts tangentially to the contact surface, opposing the force that is about to induce the motion. This frictional force prevents the...
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Dry Friction01:30

Dry Friction

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Dry friction occurs between two solid surfaces in contact as they attempt to move relative to one another. In daily life, dry friction is encountered in various forms, such as when walking on the ground, sliding an object across a table, or rubbing hands together. Despite its ubiquity, the underlying mechanisms behind dry friction are not readily visible.
To illustrate this concept, imagine a wooden crate resting on a rough, non-uniform horizontal surface. When an external force is applied to...
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Design Example: Forces in Sluice Gate01:11

Design Example: Forces in Sluice Gate

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In hydraulic engineering, sluice gates are essential for managing water flow through channels, reservoirs, and irrigation systems. Sluice gates, acting as vertical barriers, regulate water by adjusting the gate's opening height, which changes the velocity and pressure of water flowing beneath the gate. Understanding the forces involved is crucial to designing sluice gates that can withstand dynamic pressure differences, especially when the gate is closed or partially open.
Key variables in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Visually Based Characterization of the Incipient Particle Motion in Regular Substrates: From Laminar to Turbulent Conditions
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Friction controls even submerged granular flows.

Juha Koivisto1, Marko Korhonen, Mikko Alava

  • 1Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto 00067, Finland. juha.koivisto@aalto.fi.

Soft Matter
|October 10, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flow rate in submerged hoppers surges due to fluid-particle coupling, unlike constant dry flow. This study models granular flow, revealing friction changes underwater.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Engineering
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Granular materials exhibit complex flow behaviors.
  • Understanding fluid-particle interactions is crucial for industrial processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the coupling between interstitial fluid and granular particles in hopper flow.
  • To compare the flow dynamics of dry and submerged granular systems.
  • To model and validate experimental observations using numerical simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental study of dry and submerged hopper flow.
  • Numerical modeling using the discrete element method (DEM).
  • Coupling DEM with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for submerged systems.

Main Results:

  • Dry hopper flow exhibits a constant discharge rate.
  • Submerged hopper flow demonstrates a surging flow rate.
  • Numerical models accurately replicate experimental data upon fitting friction parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Fluid-particle coupling significantly alters granular flow dynamics in submerged systems.
  • Particle-particle contact friction is reduced when submerged (0.15 to 0.13).
  • Accurate modeling requires system-specific parameter calibration.