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Related Concept Videos

Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features....
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Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

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DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
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Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

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In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
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RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

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RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
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Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

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Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved...
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Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 21, 2026

Sequencing of mRNA from Whole Blood using Nanopore Sequencing
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DNA sequencing at 40: past, present and future.

Jay Shendure1,2, Shankar Balasubramanian3,4, George M Church5

  • 1Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

Nature
|October 12, 2017
PubMed
Summary

DNA sequencing has revolutionized biology over 40 years, enabling massive genome projects. Its impact rivals the microscope, transforming molecular science.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology and Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Commemorating 40 years of DNA sequencing technology.
  • Highlighting rapid advancements from kilobase to multi-genome scale.

Observation:

  • DNA sequencing has undergone multiple technological revolutions.
  • Scale has increased dramatically, from single genomes to millions.

Findings:

  • DNA sequencing has been repurposed as a tool to quantify molecular phenomena.
  • The technology's applications extend far beyond initial genomic studies.

Implications:

  • The long-term impact of DNA sequencing is predicted to be comparable to the microscope.
  • Future applications may further revolutionize biological and medical research.