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Weight gain during incarceration: systematic review and meta-analysis
M K Gebremariam1,2, R A Nianogo1, O A Arah1,3,4
1Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Summary
Prisoners often gain weight during incarceration, with an average gain of 0.43 lb/week. Health promotion programs in correctional facilities should address unhealthy weight gain to improve inmate health.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Criminology
- Medical Research
Background:
- Overweight and obesity are prevalent in prison populations.
- The prison environment's impact on weight changes requires investigation.
- Evaluating weight changes during incarceration is crucial for understanding health trends.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and meta-analyze existing evidence on weight changes during incarceration.
- To assess the extent and prevalence of weight gain among incarcerated individuals.
- To identify factors contributing to weight changes in correctional settings.
Main Methods:
- Systematic literature search across five online databases and grey literature.
- Inclusion of 16 studies conducted in developed countries, with 11 measuring actual weight change.
- Meta-analysis of eight studies to quantify average weight gain per week.
Main Results:
- Most studies indicated an increase in body weight or body mass index during incarceration.
- Meta-analysis revealed an average weight gain of 0.43 lb/week (95% CI 0.14, 0.72).
- A high proportion of participants (43%-73%) self-reported weight gain.
Conclusions:
- Prison health promotion initiatives must include strategies to combat unhealthy weight development.
- Interventions are needed to mitigate negative weight changes associated with incarceration.
- Addressing weight gain in prisons is essential for improving long-term health outcomes for former inmates.