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Related Concept Videos

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting...
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Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models00:57

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Physiological pharmacokinetic models, often called flow-limited or perfusion models, typically assume a swift drug distribution between tissue and venous blood, creating a rapid drug equilibrium. This premise is based on the idea that drug diffusion is extremely fast, and the cell membrane presents no barrier to drug permeation. In this scenario, where no drug binding occurs, the drug concentration in the tissue equals that of the venous blood leaving the tissue. This greatly simplifies the...
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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Drug Absorption Mechanism: Passive Membrane Transport01:23

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Passive transport is a method of drug absorption where small, lipid-soluble drugs can move across the cell membrane. This movement happens along the concentration gradient, which is a natural flow from higher to lower concentration areas. The speed at which the drug moves is directly related to its lipid–water partition coefficient. This means that the more a drug dissolves in lipids, the faster it diffuses or spreads throughout the body. It is important to note that most drugs are either...
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Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow
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Upper Bound on Diffusivity.

Thomas Hartman1, Sean A Hartnoll2, Raghu Mahajan2

  • 1Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|October 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Operator growth in quantum systems creates a light cone, bounding diffusivity to D≲v²τeq. This universal bound connects transport properties like resistivity and viscosity to local equilibration times.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum information theory
  • High-energy physics

Background:

  • Local quantum systems exhibit linear operator growth, forming an effective light cone.
  • Diffusive transport dynamics are typically described beyond a local equilibration time scale.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a universal upper bound on diffusivity in local quantum systems.
  • To connect operator growth, diffusive transport, and local equilibration times.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzing the consistency between operator light cone dynamics and diffusive transport.
  • Investigating holographic models and various interacting quantum theories.

Main Results:

  • Derived an upper bound on diffusivity: D≲v²τeq, where v is operator growth velocity and τeq is local equilibration time.
  • Verified this bound in diverse quantum systems, including holographic models.
  • Established a relationship between hydrodynamic and nonhydrodynamic modes in black hole physics.

Conclusions:

  • The derived bound provides a fundamental link between transport coefficients (resistivity, viscosity) and the local equilibration time.
  • Offers insights into phenomena like T-linear resistivity in unconventional metals and quark-gluon plasma properties.