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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy as a Unique Probe for Lipid Membrane Dynamics and Membrane-Protein Interactions
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Nucleon Spin and Momentum Decomposition Using Lattice QCD Simulations.

C Alexandrou1,2, M Constantinou3, K Hadjiyiannakou2

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus.

Physical Review Letters
|October 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lattice quantum chromodynamics calculations reveal the nucleon spin contributions from quarks and gluons. Quarks carry 0.408 of the nucleon

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Particle Physics
  • Quantum Chromodynamics

Background:

  • The nucleon spin crisis highlights discrepancies in understanding the proton's spin.
  • Valence and sea quarks, along with gluons, are fundamental constituents of the nucleon.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To precisely determine the spin contributions of quarks and gluons within the nucleon.
  • To investigate the quark intrinsic spin contribution to the nucleon's total angular momentum.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing lattice quantum chromodynamics (LQCD) simulations.
  • Employing gauge configurations with dynamical light quarks at physical pion mass.
  • Calculating spin and momentum fractions in the modified minimal subtraction scheme at 2 GeV.

Main Results:

  • The total angular momentum carried by quarks (u+d+s) is J_{u+d+s}=0.408(61)_{stat}(48)_{syst}.
  • The gluon contribution to nucleon spin is J_{g}=0.133(11)_{stat}(14)_{syst}.
  • The quark intrinsic spin contribution is 1/2ΔΣ_{u+d+s}=0.201(17)_{stat}(5)_{syst}.

Conclusions:

  • The combined quark and gluon contributions (J_{N}=0.54(6)_{stat}(5)_{syst}) are consistent with the nucleon spin sum rule.
  • Computed quark and gluon momentum fractions sum to 1.07(12)_{stat}(10)_{syst}, satisfying the momentum sum rule.