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Related Concept Videos

Types of Non-structural Cracks in Concrete01:28

Types of Non-structural Cracks in Concrete

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Non-structural cracks are primarily of three types: plastic, early-age thermal, and drying shrinkage cracks. Plastic cracks are further classified into plastic shrinkage cracks and plastic settlement cracks.
Plastic shrinkage cracks typically form within hours after the concrete is poured. The concrete's surface dries faster than the bottom, creating tensile stress that the still-plastic concrete cannot withstand, leading to diagonal or randomly patterned cracks on the concrete surface.
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Microcracking in Concrete01:20

Microcracking in Concrete

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Microcracking in concrete refers to the tiny cracks that can form within the material even before any external load is applied. These microcracks typically occur at the interface between the coarse aggregate and the hydrated cement paste, often as a result of differential volume changes prompted by variations in stress-strain behavior, as well as thermal and moisture movement. Initially, these microcracks remain stable and do not grow substantially until the concrete is stressed to about 30...
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Transition Zone01:28

Transition Zone

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The transition zone in concrete is a critical area where aggregate meets cement paste, marked by a distinct porosity and weakness compared to the surrounding material. The adhesion around the aggregates is primarily due to Van Der Waals forces. The voids within this zone influence its robustness; initially, it is less durable than the surrounding bulk mortar due to larger voids. Initially, when concrete is compacted, a higher water-cement ratio near the aggregates leads to the formation of...
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Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity01:15

Relation between Poisson's ratio, Modulus of Elasticity and Modulus of Rigidity

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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Stress-Strain Diagram - Brittle Materials01:24

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Brittle materials, including glass, cast iron, and stone, exhibit unique characteristics. They fracture without considerable change in their elongation rate, indicating that their breaking and ultimate strength are equivalent. Such materials also show lower strain levels at the point of rupture. The failure in brittle materials predominantly results from normal stresses, as evidenced by the rupture created along a surface perpendicular to the applied load. These materials do not display...
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The dynamic modulus of elasticity assesses how a concrete structure deforms under impact or dynamic loads. It is typically higher than the static modulus of elasticity, measured under slow, steady loading conditions.
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Full-field Strain Measurements for Microstructurally Small Fatigue Crack Propagation Using Digital Image Correlation Method
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Interplay between Process Zone and Material Heterogeneities for Dynamic Cracks.

Fabian Barras1, Philippe H Geubelle2, Jean-François Molinari1

  • 1Civil Engineering Institute, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 18, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Physical Review Letters
|October 21, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Small cracks on a plane can accelerate and transition to supershear speeds due to tiny imperfections. These dynamic rupture events are influenced by fracture toughness variations and crack propagation speed.

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Area of Science:

  • Solid Mechanics
  • Geophysics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Dynamic rupture propagation along heterogeneous interfaces is crucial for understanding earthquakes and material failure.
  • Microscopic variations in fracture toughness and material microstructure significantly influence macroscopic rupture behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how small-scale heterogeneities affect dynamic rupture propagation and supershear transition in mode-II cracks.
  • To elucidate the role of elastic pulses and process zone size in controlling heterogeneous dynamic rupture.
  • To establish an indicator for the transition from quasi-homogeneous to heterogeneous fracture.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing an elastodynamic boundary integral formulation.
  • Coupling the formulation with a cohesive model to simulate dynamic rupture.
  • Systematically studying perturbations of dynamic fronts under varying microstructures and loading conditions.

Main Results:

  • Small-scale heterogeneities were shown to facilitate the supershear transition of mode-II cracks.
  • Microscopic variations in fracture toughness were linked to macroscopic rupture dynamics via radiated elastic pulses.
  • The process zone size was identified as the intrinsic length scale governing heterogeneous dynamic rupture.
  • A ratio of process zone size to asperity size was proposed as a transition indicator.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides insights into how microstructural details influence macroscopic rupture dynamics.
  • The findings explain experimental observations of dynamic rupture front perturbations intensifying with crack speed.
  • The process zone size and its interaction with microstructural details are key to understanding heterogeneous fracture.