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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method
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Specific Cell (Re-)Programming: Approaches and Perspectives.

Frauke Hausburg1,2, Julia Jeannine Jung1,2, Robert David3,4

  • 1Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC), Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 69, 18057, Rostock, Germany.

Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology
|October 27, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular reprogramming offers new regenerative medicine strategies, overcoming limitations of stem cells for drug development and disease modeling. This review highlights advances in generating functional cells, particularly cardiac pacemaker cells.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular regenerationCell fate conversionDirect reprogrammingLineage conversionMetabolic disordersNeurodegenerative disordersRegenerative medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cellular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Organ dysfunction and limited self-renewal hinder regeneration.
  • Pluripotent stem cells (ESCs, iPSCs) face ethical and safety concerns.
  • Adult stem cells have limited availability for therapeutic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in cellular reprogramming for regenerative medicine.
  • To highlight progress in generating specific somatic cell types.
  • To focus on the generation of cardiac pacemaker cells.

Main Methods:

  • Direct reprogramming protocols using lineage-specific transcription factors.
  • Exogenous expression of coding and noncoding RNAs.
  • Application of chemical compounds for cell generation.

Main Results:

  • Successful direct reprogramming protocols for various somatic cell types.
  • Emerging methods for safe and efficient generation of specified cells.
  • Significant progress in generating cardiomyocyte subtypes, including pacemaker cells.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular reprogramming is crucial for advancing regenerative medicine.
  • Development of functional cell generation protocols supports research and clinical applications.
  • Focus on mature, physiologically relevant cells is key for therapeutic success.