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Flow Cytometry

Flow Cytometry

The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
In...

Overview of the Reproductive System

Overview of the Reproductive System

The reproductive system generates offspring, ensuring the survival of the species. In humans, the reproductive system is complex and involves a variety of organs and hormones that work together to ensure successful reproduction.
The gonads, or primary reproductive organs, produce gametes and sex hormones. In males, the testes produce spermatozoa and testosterone, which is responsible for developing secondary male sex characteristics, including a deeper voice, larger muscles, facial and body...

Buffers: Overview

Buffers: Overview

Buffers play a crucial role in stabilizing the pH of a solution by mitigating the effects of small amounts of added acid or base. They consist of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq).

Pharmacokinetics: Overview

Pharmacokinetics: Overview

Pharmacokinetics is a scientific discipline that focuses on the journey of a drug within the body, encompassing four key stages: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The first stage, absorption, involves the drug's transfer into the bloodstream. Several factors dictate the extent and speed of this process. For example, the liver often metabolizes oral drugs before they reach systemic circulation, leading to only partial absorption. In contrast, intravenous (IV)...

Bioavailability: Overview

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Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an unaltered drug that, after administration, enters the systemic circulation and can be distributed to the desired action site. Factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and liver biotransformation influence the bioavailability of a drug when it is administered orally. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the systemic circulation directly; by definition, its bioavailability is assumed to be 100%. The bioavailability of an...

Uncertainty: Overview

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In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Automation of the Micronucleus Assay Using Imaging Flow Cytometry and Artificial Intelligence

Automation of the Micronucleus Assay Using Imaging Flow Cytometry and Artificial Intelligence

Published on: January 27, 2023

Overview of Lasers for Flow Cytometry.

William G Telford¹

¹Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10-CRC Room 3-3297 East, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA. telfordw@mail.nih.gov.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|October 27, 2017

Summary

Lasers are essential for flow cytometry instruments, determining their capabilities. This review guides researchers in selecting optimal laser wavelengths and characteristics for biomedical applications.

Keywords:

Diode Diode-pumped solid state Flow cytometry Laser

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Last Updated: Jan 26, 2026

Automation of the Micronucleus Assay Using Imaging Flow Cytometry and Artificial Intelligence

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Measuring Erythrocyte Complement Receptor 1 Using Flow Cytometry

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Flow Cytometry Purification of Mouse Meiotic Cells

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Published on: April 15, 2011

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Optical Physics
Cell Biology

Background:

Flow cytometry is a powerful technique for cell analysis.
The performance of flow cytometers is directly linked to their laser systems.
Understanding laser properties is crucial for effective experimental design.

Purpose of the Study:

To review available lasers for flow cytometry.
To provide guidance on selecting laser wavelengths and characteristics.
To align instrument capabilities with specific biomedical research needs.

Main Methods:

Literature review of laser technologies used in flow cytometry.
Analysis of laser specifications relevant to flow cytometry applications.
Discussion of factors influencing laser selection for different research objectives.

Main Results:

Overview of various laser types and their spectral outputs.
Comparison of laser characteristics such as power, stability, and beam quality.
Identification of key considerations for matching lasers to analytical requirements.

Conclusions:

Laser selection is a critical factor in optimizing flow cytometry performance.
Informed choices of laser wavelengths and characteristics enhance research outcomes.
This review serves as a resource for laboratories seeking to maximize their flow cytometry capabilities.