Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hardy-Weinberg Principle01:49

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

76.7K
Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.
76.7K
Chi-square Analysis02:46

Chi-square Analysis

44.4K
The chi-square test is a statistical hypothesis test. It is used to check whether there is a significant difference between an expected value and an observed value. In the context of genetics, it enables us to either accept or reject a hypothesis, based on how much the observed values deviate from the expected values.
The chi-square test was developed by Pearson in 1990.
The first step of performing a Chi-square analysis is to establish a null hypothesis, which assumes that there is no real...
44.4K
Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

6.3K
A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
6.3K
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

8.3K
The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
8.3K
Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

45.4K
Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
45.4K
Types of Hypothesis Testing01:11

Types of Hypothesis Testing

28.4K
There are three types of hypothesis tests: right-tailed, left-tailed, and two-tailed.
When the null and alternative hypotheses are stated, it is observed that the null hypothesis is a neutral statement against which the alternative hypothesis is tested. The alternative hypothesis is a claim that instead has a certain direction. If the null hypothesis claims that p = 0.5, the alternative hypothesis would be an opposing statement to this and can be put either p > 0.5, p < 0.5, or p...
28.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The novel antifungal agent NPD2560 perturbs the Rho1-centered signaling network to induce a cell wall integrity response.

Microbiology spectrum·2026
Same author

Spontaneous mutation rate and spectrum are modulated by organismal fitness.

Science advances·2026
Same author

HTD1265 Disrupts GimC-Dependent Cellular Processes in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Repeatability of gene expression evolution in experimental environmental adaptation.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Adaptive tracking with antagonistic pleiotropy results in seemingly neutral molecular evolution.

Nature ecology & evolution·2025
Same author

Testing the Mother's Curse Hypothesis in Human Mitochondrial Genome Evolution.

Genome biology and evolution·2025
Same journal

Chemotactic self-organization captures the dynamics of mammalian hair follicle patterning.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Tomographic imaging of superconducting order using particle-hole interference.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Inhibitory potential of autologous neutralizing antibodies sets quantitative limits on the rebound-competent HIV-1 reservoir.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Inferring epidemiological parameters under an infectious phylogeography model with visitor dynamics.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Analytical modeling for suction cup designs for skin-interfaced wearable devices.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same journal

Improving cell-free metabolism through direct integration of artificial respiratory chains.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
04:52

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

Published on: February 3, 2023

1.4K

Testing the neutral hypothesis of phenotypic evolution.

Wei-Chin Ho1, Yoshikazu Ohya2, Jianzhi Zhang3

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|November 1, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Yeast morphological evolution is largely adaptive, not neutral. More important traits evolved faster, rejecting the neutral hypothesis for these traits.

Keywords:
adaptationgene expressionmorphologyneutralityyeast

More Related Videos

Probing the Limits of Egg Recognition Using Egg Rejection Experiments Along Phenotypic Gradients
07:34

Probing the Limits of Egg Recognition Using Egg Rejection Experiments Along Phenotypic Gradients

Published on: August 22, 2018

8.6K
Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat
06:03

Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat

Published on: September 20, 2016

15.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 19, 2026

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
04:52

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

Published on: February 3, 2023

1.4K
Probing the Limits of Egg Recognition Using Egg Rejection Experiments Along Phenotypic Gradients
07:34

Probing the Limits of Egg Recognition Using Egg Rejection Experiments Along Phenotypic Gradients

Published on: August 22, 2018

8.6K
Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat
06:03

Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat

Published on: September 20, 2016

15.3K

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Yeast biology

Background:

  • Evolution by natural selection is a core biological principle, but the adaptive vs. neutral nature of phenotypic variation remains unclear.
  • Studies on large, unbiased phenotypic trait samples are lacking, hindering understanding of evolutionary mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether phenotypic variations in yeast are primarily adaptive or neutral.
  • To test the hypothesis that trait importance correlates with evolutionary rate under neutrality.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 210 yeast morphological traits, selected for experimental feasibility.
  • Application of a neutrality test based on the relationship between trait importance and evolutionary rate.
  • Comparison with analysis of 3,466 gene expression traits.

Main Results:

  • Faster evolution observed in more important morphological traits within and between yeast species.
  • The neutral hypothesis was rejected for morphological traits.
  • Neutrality could not be refuted for gene expression traits.

Conclusions:

  • Yeast morphological evolution appears to be largely adaptive.
  • The evolutionary drivers of gene expression traits may differ from morphological traits.
  • The developed neutrality test is applicable to other species and phenotypes.