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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Inflammatory Response01:28

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An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
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Cecal Ligation and Puncture-induced Sepsis as a Model To Study Autophagy in Mice
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Autophagy and Inflammation.

Yu Matsuzawa-Ishimoto1,2, Seungmin Hwang3, Ken Cadwell1,2

  • 1Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute and.

Annual Review of Immunology
|November 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagy, a cellular process, is crucial for immunity and inflammation control. This review details its role in fighting infections, limiting inflammation, and coordinating immune memory, linking it to mucosal immunity and chronic inflammatory diseases.

Keywords:
autoimmune diseaseautophagyinfectious diseaseinflammationinflammatory bowel disease

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Autophagy is a fundamental cellular degradative pathway.
  • Autophagy plays a critical role in regulating immune responses and inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted functions of autophagy and autophagy proteins in immunity and inflammation.
  • To highlight emerging mechanisms of autophagy in immune regulation.
  • To discuss the implications of autophagy in mucosal immunity and chronic inflammatory diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific articles on autophagy and immunity.
  • Analysis of the roles of autophagy proteins in various immune processes.
  • Discussion of novel autophagy-related mechanisms like LC3-associated phagocytosis.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy machinery controls infectious agents and limits inflammatory pathologies.
  • Processes like LC3-associated phagocytosis utilize core autophagy proteins.
  • Autophagy influences myeloid and lymphoid cell differentiation, multicellular immunity, and memory responses.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy is intimately linked to mucosal immunity and chronic inflammatory diseases.
  • Understanding autophagy's role presents challenges and opportunities for therapeutic translation.
  • Autophagy is a key regulator of both innate and adaptive immunity.