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Advances in rhinitis: Models and mechanisms.

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Summary

Recent rhinitis research identifies early-life predictors for allergic rhinitis (AR) development. Studies also explore cellular roles in chronic rhinosinusitis and utilize nasal allergen challenges to understand AR pathogenesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Allergy Research
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Rhinitis, including allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), significantly impacts quality of life.
  • Advances in understanding the pathogenesis and prediction of these conditions are crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advancements in rhinitis research over the past two years.
  • To highlight key findings in the prediction and pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of original research articles published between 2015-2017 and identified via PubMed and Google Scholar.
  • Search terms included allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and nasal allergen challenge models.
  • Selection criteria focused on studies investigating AR, CRS, or utilizing controlled allergen challenge facilities.

Main Results:

  • Recent studies identified early-life predictors, such as skin prick tests and phenotyping, for AR development in children.
  • Research elucidated the role of specific immune cells (CD4+ T cells, basophils, mast cells) in non-eosinophilic CRS with nasal polyps, particularly in Asian populations.
  • Advances were made in understanding cytokine roles and peripheral cell mitochondrial function in AR through controlled and direct nasal allergen challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Early-life predictors of AR show promise for targeted prophylactic interventions in high-risk individuals.
  • Controlled allergen challenge facilities and nasal allergen challenge models are validated as robust experimental tools for studying AR pathogenesis.