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Updated: Feb 18, 2026

Methods for Acute and Subacute Murine Hindlimb Ischemia
Published on: June 21, 2016
Critical Limb Ischemia: A Practical Up-To-Date Review
Iacopo Fabiani1, Enrico Calogero1, Nicola Riccardo Pugliese1
11 Cardioangiology Universitary Departmental Section, Cardio Thoracic and Vascular Department, A.O.U.P., University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Abstract:
Critical limb ischemia (CLI) is the most advanced form of peripheral artery disease. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and high management costs. It carries a high risk of amputation and local infection. Moreover, cardiovascular complications remain a major concern. Although it is a well-known entity and new technological and therapeutic advances have been made, this condition remains poorly addressed, with significantly heterogeneous management, especially in nonexperienced centers. This review, from a third-level dedicated inpatient and outpatient cardioangiology structure, aims to provide an updated summary on the topic of CLI of its complexity, encompassing epidemiological, social, economical and, in particular, diagnostic/imaging issues, together with potential therapeutic strategies (medical, endovascular, and surgical), including the evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors, the diagnosis, and treatment together with prognostic stratification.
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