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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Molecular pathology and thyroid FNA.

D N Poller1, S Glaysher1

  • 1Department of Pathology & Cancer Laboratory, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK.

Cytopathology : Official Journal of the British Society for Clinical Cytology
|November 23, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Molecular pathology techniques enhance thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis. These methods aid in ruling in or out malignancy and determining prognosis for thyroid nodules and cancers.

Keywords:
diagnosisfine-needle aspirationmolecularneoplasmspathologythyroid

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Thyroid cancer diagnosis relies heavily on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology.
  • Molecular pathology of thyroid tumors is increasingly understood, offering new diagnostic avenues.
  • Traditional methods can sometimes be inconclusive, necessitating advanced techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review molecular pathological techniques applicable to thyroid FNA.
  • To highlight the diagnostic and prognostic value of molecular diagnostics in thyroid nodules and cancers.
  • To discuss practical applications of these techniques in routine clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on molecular pathology in thyroid FNA.
  • Description of various molecular techniques including point mutation analysis, gene panels, and next-generation sequencing.
  • Examples of specific molecular markers and their clinical utility (e.g., BRAF V600E, TERT promoter mutations).

Main Results:

  • Molecular methods can serve as rule-in tests for malignancy (e.g., BRAF V600E, seven-gene panel, ThyroSeq v2).
  • Molecular tests can also function as rule-out tests for malignancy (e.g., Afirma, ThyroSeq v2).
  • Mutations in genes like TERT, TP53, and AKT1, along with BRAF V600E, are associated with prognosis and can identify new tumor entities.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular pathology significantly improves the diagnostic accuracy and prognostic assessment of thyroid FNA samples.
  • These techniques offer valuable tools for personalized medicine, including targeted therapies.
  • Integration of molecular diagnostics into routine thyroid FNA practice is crucial for optimal patient management.