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Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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How Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Forms in Aqueous Electrolytes.

Liumin Suo1, Dahyun Oh2,3, Yuxiao Lin4

  • 1Key Laboratory for Renewable Energy, Beijing Key Laboratory for New Energy Materials and Devices, Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics , Beijing 100190, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|December 1, 2017
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers investigated the aqueous solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) crucial for advanced batteries. This study reveals the formation mechanism and composition of aqueous SEI, enabling safer, high-energy aqueous lithium-ion batteries.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Battery Technology

Background:

  • The solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) is vital for stabilizing electrolytes in electrochemical devices like lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
  • Traditionally, SEI formation is limited to nonaqueous electrolytes, restricting battery performance and safety.
  • Recent advancements enable SEI formation in aqueous electrolytes, expanding electrochemical stability windows and enabling high-voltage aqueous LIBs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the chemistry and formation mechanism of the aqueous SEI, which remains largely unknown.
  • To comprehensively characterize the composition, microstructure, and stability of aqueous SEI in a battery environment.
  • To establish fundamental principles for designing effective aqueous SEI layers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a combination of spectroscopic techniques.
  • Employed electrochemical methods for analysis.
  • Incorporated computational modeling for a dynamic understanding of interphase formation.

Main Results:

  • Revealed the dynamic formation of a dense, protective interphase on the anode surface.
  • Identified competitive decomposition of salt anions, dissolved gases, and water molecules as key factors in SEI formation.
  • Provided a comprehensive characterization of the aqueous SEI's chemical composition, microstructure, and stability.

Conclusions:

  • Established fundamental principles governing the successful formation of aqueous SEI.
  • The in-depth understanding will aid in tailoring interphases for improved aqueous battery chemistries.
  • This work paves the way for developing safer, high-energy density aqueous LIBs with enhanced performance.