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Related Concept Videos

The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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The DNA Replication Fork01:02

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Replication in Prokaryotes01:32

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DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
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Replication in Prokaryotes02:35

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Overview
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DNA Replication02:40

DNA Replication

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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
Replication in Prokaryotes
DNA replication...
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The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

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DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy

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Visualizing bacterial DNA replication and repair with molecular resolution.

Yilai Li1, Jeremy W Schroeder2, Lyle A Simmons1

  • 1University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.

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Single-molecule microscopy reveals dynamic bacterial DNA replication and repair. Proteins at the replication fork, like DNA polymerases, rapidly exchange, offering new insights into these essential processes.

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Visualization of UV-induced Replication Intermediates in E. coli using Two-dimensional Agarose-gel Analysis
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Bacterial DNA replication and repair are crucial for cell survival.
  • Traditional methods average molecular behavior, masking dynamic processes.
  • Single-molecule microscopy offers unprecedented resolution of molecular dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in single-molecule fluorescence microscopy for studying bacterial DNA replication and repair.
  • To highlight how this technique visualizes molecular interactions and dynamics in real-time.
  • To underscore the impact of super-resolution imaging on understanding fundamental bacterial processes.

Main Methods:

  • Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy (in vitro and in vivo).
  • Super-resolution imaging to track protein motion and localization.
  • Analysis of protein dynamics and interactions at the nanometer scale.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial DNA replication proteins exhibit high dynamism.
  • Replicative DNA polymerases exchange at the replication fork within seconds.
  • Complex interactions within the DNA mismatch repair pathway have been quantified.

Conclusions:

  • Single-molecule imaging provides a dynamic view of bacterial DNA replication and repair.
  • This technique reveals heterogeneity and real-time molecular behavior.
  • Future applications of single-molecule imaging will deepen our understanding of bacterial genetics.