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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis01:13

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

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For many years, scientists thought that enzyme-substrate binding took place in a simple "lock-and-key" fashion. This model stated that the enzyme and substrate fit together perfectly in one instantaneous step. However, current research supports a more refined view scientists call induced fit. The induced-fit model expands upon the lock-and-key model by describing a more dynamic interaction between enzyme and substrate. As the enzyme and substrate come together, their interaction causes...
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Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes
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Increasing Catalyst Efficiency in C-H Activation Catalysis.

Tobias Gensch1, Michael J James1, Toryn Dalton1

  • 1Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|December 6, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Highly efficient C-H activation catalysis, achieving thousands of catalyst turnovers, is rare but achievable. This overview highlights efficient methods to inspire future catalyst development for C-H activation reactions.

Keywords:
C−H activationcatalysismethanepalladiumrhodiumturnover

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Reaction Engineering

Background:

  • Catalyst turnover numbers (TONs) are critical metrics for catalytic efficiency.
  • High TONs in C-H activation catalysis are uncommon, with 10 mol% catalyst loading often considered standard.
  • Developing highly efficient C-H activation catalysts remains a significant challenge in synthetic chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of efficient C-H activation catalysis.
  • To highlight the importance of high catalyst turnover numbers (TONs) in catalysis development.
  • To inspire further research towards more efficient C-H activation methodologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature examples in C-H activation catalysis.
  • Focus on reactions achieving exceptionally high catalyst turnover numbers.
  • Inclusion of diverse catalytic systems such as palladium, Cp*RhIII, and Cp*CoIII catalysis.
  • Presentation of C-H borylation, silylation, and methane C-H activation examples.

Main Results:

  • Demonstration of C-H activation reactions with catalyst turnover numbers reaching tens of thousands.
  • Showcasing efficient catalytic systems that significantly outperform typical loadings.
  • Highlighting successful examples across various transition metal-catalyzed transformations.

Conclusions:

  • Highly efficient C-H activation catalysis with exceptional TONs is feasible.
  • The presented examples underscore the potential for developing more sustainable and economical catalytic processes.
  • Further research focusing on high-efficiency catalysts is crucial for advancing C-H activation chemistry.