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The degradation of metals due to natural electrochemical processes is known as corrosion. Rust formation on iron, tarnishing of silver, and the blue-green patina that develops on copper are examples of corrosion. Corrosion involves the oxidation of metals. Sometimes it is protective, such as the oxidation of copper or aluminum, wherein a protective layer of metal oxide or its derivatives forms on the surface, protecting the underlying metal from further oxidation. In other cases, corrosion is...
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Oxidation-Mediated Fingering in Liquid Metals.

Collin B Eaker1, David C Hight1, John D O'Regan1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.

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|December 9, 2017
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Electrochemical oxidation of liquid metals creates novel fingering instabilities with fractal patterns. This process controls interfacial forces, enabling new applications in reconfigurable devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Liquid metals exhibit high interfacial tension, typically preventing fingering instabilities.
  • Electrochemical processes can modify interfacial properties of materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize a new class of fingering instabilities in liquid metals.
  • To investigate the role of electrochemical oxidation in inducing these instabilities.
  • To understand the forces governing the observed fractal morphologies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a gallium-based liquid metal alloy.
  • Applying electrochemical oxidation to modify interfacial tension.
  • Characterizing morphological and dynamic changes with varying droplet volume and electric potential.

Main Results:

  • A new class of fingering instabilities was identified in liquid metals, forming fractals.
  • Electrochemical oxidation significantly reduced effective interfacial tension, inducing these instabilities.
  • The fractal dimension (D=1.3±0.05) indicated a unique universality class.
  • Interfacial tension, gravity, and oxidative stress were identified as key forces.
  • Compressive interfacial forces were generated by oxidation, opposing tensile forces.
  • A surface oxide layer acted as a barrier, halting instabilities at higher potentials.

Conclusions:

  • Electrochemical oxidation can induce fingering instabilities and fractal formation in liquid metals by reducing interfacial tension.
  • Controlling the balance between interfacial tension and oxidative stress is crucial for developing advanced liquid metal devices.
  • This research opens possibilities for reconfigurable electronic, electromagnetic, and optical devices.