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    We developed a simple, low-cost method for wavefront sensing using a camera and diffuser. This technique accurately measures wavefronts by analyzing speckle pattern movement, enabling high-resolution imaging.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Image Processing
    • Metrology

    Background:

    • Wavefront sensing is crucial for optical system correction and imaging.
    • Existing methods can be complex, bulky, or expensive.
    • A need exists for simpler, more accessible wavefront sensing techniques.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and implement a compact, low-cost wavefront sensing scheme.
    • To demonstrate quantitative wavefront measurements for various applications.
    • To theoretically and experimentally investigate the resolution limits of the proposed method.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a thin diffuser placed near a camera to generate speckle patterns.
    • Determining local wavefront gradients from speckle pattern translation.
    • Employing a fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm to compute translation vectors.
    • Integrating translation vectors to reconstruct the wavefront profile, leveraging the diffuser's memory effect.

    Main Results:

    • Experimental demonstration of accurate wavefront measurements.
    • Successful reconstruction of wavefronts for Zernike polynomials.
    • Application to high-resolution phase-imaging, validating the method's versatility.
    • Theoretical and experimental characterization of the resolution limit.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed diffuser-based method offers a broadband, compact, and low-cost solution for wavefront sensing.
    • The technique is suitable for various applications, including high-resolution phase imaging.
    • The study provides a theoretical framework and experimental validation for the method's performance and limitations.