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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab...
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Antiasthma Drugs: Mast Cell Stabilizers and Anti-IgE Drugs01:25

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Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition for which new therapeutic avenues, including anti-inflammatory drugs like mast cell stabilizers and anti-IgE treatments, continue to be developed.
Mast cell stabilizers, such as cromolyn (also known as sodium cromoglycate) and nedocromil (Tilade), are effective drugs in asthma management. These stabilizers hinder histamine release by skillfully obstructing the activation of mast cells and other cellular entities. Notably, they navigate this task without...
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Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Related Experiment Video

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Lymphocyte Isolation from Human Skin for Phenotypic Analysis and Ex Vivo Cell Culture
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T-cell inhibitors for atopic dermatitis.

W James Tidwell1, Joseph F Fowler2

  • 1Micrographic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology, Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California; Division of Dermatology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
|December 18, 2017
PubMed
Summary

Novel biologic agents targeting upstream inflammatory pathways show promise for atopic dermatitis management. While dupilumab is established, further trials are needed for thymic stromal lymphopoietin and OX40 blocking antibodies to confirm efficacy.

Keywords:
OX40T cellsatopic dermatitisimmunomodulatorstezepelumabthymic stromal lymphopoietin

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Atopic dermatitis management is evolving with new biologic therapies.
  • Dupilumab targets the interleukin-4 receptor pathway effectively.
  • Newer agents target upstream inflammatory pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status and potential of novel biologic agents for atopic dermatitis.
  • To assess the efficacy of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and OX40 blocking antibodies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing clinical data and early-phase trial results.
  • Comparison of novel agents with established treatments like dupilumab.

Main Results:

  • AMG157/MEDI9929 shows potential in asthma models, but atopic dermatitis data is lacking.
  • GBR 830 demonstrated significant Eczema Area and Severity Index score reduction in a Phase 2a study, but lacked statistical power.
  • Phase 3 trials are pending for both agents.

Conclusions:

  • AMG157/MEDI9929 and GBR 830 hold potential for severe atopic dermatitis.
  • Further clinical trials are essential to establish the efficacy and safety of these novel biologics.
  • Efficacy in modulating T-cell responses requires further investigation.