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Related Concept Videos

Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway02:54

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The gene encoding the main signaling molecules of the Wnt signaling pathways (the Wnt proteins) was discovered almost four decades ago by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus. They identified and originally named the gene "wingless" (wg) after a phenotype discovered during their landmark genetic screen in Drosophila for body pattern defects. At around the same time, another researcher named Harold Varmus found that a murine tumor virus activates the mammalian wg homolog, Int-1, which...
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Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...
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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.
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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
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The Soft Agar Colony Formation Assay
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The Wnt Transcriptional Switch: TLE Removal or Inactivation?

Aravinda-Bharathi Ramakrishnan1, Abhishek Sinha1, Vinson B Fan1

  • 1Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1048.

Bioessays : News and Reviews in Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology
|December 19, 2017
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Wnt/β-catenin pathway uses a transcriptional switch regulated by TCF transcription factors. Recent studies reveal Wnt-dependent TLE inactivation, adding complexity to gene regulation in development and cancer.

Keywords:
LEF1TCFTLEWntWnt signalingbeta-cateningrouchotranscriptional switch

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is crucial in development, stem cell biology, and cancer.
  • TCF transcription factors mediate Wnt target gene regulation via a transcriptional switch mechanism.
  • TLE co-repressors are involved in Wnt target repression but their inactivation is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence of the Wnt transcriptional switch mechanism.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying TLE co-repressor inactivation in Wnt signaling.
  • To highlight the regulatory complexity of Wnt-mediated gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Mini-review of recent research reports.
  • Analysis of findings on Wnt target gene regulation.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms of TLE inactivation.

Main Results:

  • The Wnt transcriptional switch is a significant feature of Wnt gene regulation.
  • Wnt signaling can lead to the ubiquitination and inactivation of TLE co-repressors.
  • Recent findings reveal novel layers of Wnt pathway regulation.

Conclusions:

  • The Wnt transcriptional switch is a widespread mechanism.
  • Wnt-dependent TLE inactivation is a key regulatory event.
  • Wnt pathway regulation is more complex than previously understood.