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Related Concept Videos

Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses01:26

Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses

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Antimuscarinic drugs have various therapeutic applications by inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation in different systems. Here are the key therapeutic uses of antimuscarinics:    
Respiratory Tract: Ipratropium, aclidinium, and tiotropium treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They protect against bronchoconstriction caused by irritants like cigarette smoke, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. They also help reduce nasopharyngeal...
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Cholinergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:23

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Cholinergic neurotransmission involves the synthesis and the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in order to transmit nerve impulses across the synapse. The process begins with the synthesis of acetyl CoA, a precursor for ACh, from ATP, acetate, and coenzyme A in the mitochondria. Choline, another vital precursor, is transported inside the neuron through choline transporters, including high-affinity choline transporter CHT1, low-affinity choline transporter CTL1, and lower-affinity choline...
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The pharmacological actions of acetylcholine are elicited via its binding to two families of cholinergic receptors or cholinoceptors, namely, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and have five subtypes, M1–M5. All mAChR subtypes are activated by acetylcholine and blocked by the antagonist, atropine. 
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Cholinergic Receptors: Nicotinic01:15

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Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by acetylcholine and nicotine. Upon activation, they cause a rapid increase in the permeability of cells to K+, Na+, and Ca2+, followed by depolarization and excitation. They are in the autonomic ganglia, skeletal neuromuscular junction, CNS, and adrenal medulla.
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Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics01:24

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Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and...
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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments
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Cholinergic Sensorimotor Integration Regulates Olfactory Steering.

He Liu1, Wenxing Yang1, Taihong Wu1

  • 1Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

Neuron
|January 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals how cholinergic signals in C. elegans transform odor information into directional movement. Acetylcholine neurotransmission integrates sensory input and motor state to guide locomotion.

Keywords:
cholinergic neurotransmissioncomplex calcium dynamicsgoal-directed movementsneural circuitsensorimotor integration

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Sensorimotor integration is crucial for goal-directed movements.
  • Understanding neural circuits that process sensory information for navigation is key.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the signaling mechanisms of sensorimotor integration in C. elegans during olfactory steering.
  • To elucidate how cholinergic neurotransmission mediates the transformation of sensory stimuli into motor commands for directed locomotion.

Main Methods:

  • Studied C. elegans olfactory steering behavior.
  • Investigated cholinergic signaling pathways using genetic and electrophysiological approaches.
  • Analyzed neural activity in the RIA interneuron and its axonal domains.

Main Results:

  • Cholinergic neurotransmission encodes both sensory responses and motor state (head undulations).
  • Sensory signals in the RIA interneuron suppress motor signals, creating asymmetric axonal activity.
  • This asymmetry drives directional bias in the worm's locomotory trajectory.

Conclusions:

  • Cholinergic signaling transforms spatial odor information into asymmetric neural activity for directed movement.
  • Experience-dependent plasticity in sensorimotor integration leads to behavioral changes.
  • The findings offer insights into how cholinergic systems regulate goal-directed locomotion, relevant to mammalian brains.