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Updated: Feb 16, 2026

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Published on: May 16, 2025
Preparation of an Environmentally Friendly Formulation of the Insecticide Nicotine Hydrochloride through
Ying Yang, Jiagao Cheng, Vasil M Garamus1
1Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht , Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
Abstract:
Insecticide nicotine hydrochloride (NCT) was formulated as nanoparticles composed of chitosan (CS) and sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) to undermine its adverse impacts on human health and reinforce its physicochemical stability. The study investigated the preparation and characterization of chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (CS/TPP NPs) with good encapsulation efficiency (55%), uniform morphology, and physicochemical stability (45 days) through dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements. A bioassay against Musca domestica NCT CS/TPP NPs exhibited good bioactivity and thermal stability. The effect of the monovalent salt (NaCl) on manipulating the formation and size distribution of ionically cross-linked nanoparticles was demonstrated as well. The formulation of NCT CS/TPP NPs could be a utility candidate in public health and agriculture.
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