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Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...

Colors and Magnetism

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

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Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

Spin Transfer due to Quantum Magnetization Fluctuations.

Andrei Zholud¹, Ryan Freeman¹, Rongxing Cao¹

¹Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta 30322, Georgia, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|January 6, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Current-induced magnetization fluctuations at low temperatures are primarily driven by quantum effects amplified by spin transfer. This quantum spin transfer effect is distinct and may persist at room temperature.

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Quantum Mechanics
Materials Science

Background:

Current-induced effects in magnetic materials are crucial for spintronic devices.
Understanding magnetization dynamics at the nanoscale is essential for device miniaturization.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the dominant mechanism behind current-induced magnetization fluctuations at cryogenic temperatures.
To differentiate quantum fluctuation-driven spin transfer from established current-induced effects.

Main Methods:

Utilized a nanoscale magnetic spin-valve structure.
Performed experiments at cryogenic temperatures.
Analyzed the dependence of fluctuation intensity on current.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that current-induced magnetization fluctuations stem predominantly from quantum fluctuations enhanced by spin transfer.
Identified a nonsmooth piecewise-linear relationship between fluctuation intensity and current, distinguishing this effect.
Showed that the effect can be driven by spin-polarized electron flow, thermal motion, and unpolarized electron scattering.

Conclusions:

Quantum fluctuations, amplified by spin transfer, are the primary drivers of current-induced magnetization fluctuations at cryogenic temperatures.
This quantum spin transfer effect exhibits unique current dependence and diverse driving mechanisms.
The phenomenon is expected to be relevant even at room temperature, contributing to spin-polarizing properties of magnetic interfaces.