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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 16, 2026

Analysis of Gene Expression Changes in the Rat Hippocampus After Deep Brain Stimulation of the Anterior Thalamic Nucleus
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Inhalation Anesthesia-Induced Neuronal Damage and Gene Expression Changes in Developing Rat Brain.

Fang Liu1, Lei Guo2, Jie Zhang2

  • 1Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079 USA.

Systems Pharmacology
|January 9, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Prolonged exposure to combined nitrous oxide (N2O) and isoflurane (ISO) anesthesia causes significant neuronal cell death in developing rat brains. Single anesthetic agents did not show significant neurotoxic effects, but combined exposure altered brain gene expression pathways.

Keywords:
DNA MicroarrayDevelopmentIsofluraneNeurotoxicityNitrous oxide

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Anesthesiology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Nitrous oxide (N2O) and isoflurane (ISO) are common inhalation anesthetics used in pediatric surgery.
  • Understanding their impact on developing brains is crucial due to potential neurotoxic effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the histological and gene expression changes in developing rat brains after prolonged exposure to N2O, ISO, or their combination.
  • To identify the specific mechanisms underlying anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity in the developing brain.

Main Methods:

  • Postnatal day 7 rats were exposed to clinically relevant concentrations of N2O (70%), ISO (1.0%), or N2O + ISO for 6 hours.
  • Neurotoxicity was assessed using TUNEL staining for neuronal cell death.
  • Gene expression profiling was performed using DNA microarrays.

Main Results:

  • Combined N2O + ISO exposure significantly increased neuronal cell death (TUNEL-positive cells) in the frontal cortex.
  • Exposure to N2O or ISO alone did not result in significant neurotoxic effects.
  • N2O + ISO altered gene expression, with differentially expressed genes associated with 45 brain function-related pathways.
  • Gene expression changes from single anesthetic exposures were not closely associated with neuronal pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Combined N2O + ISO anesthesia induces significant neurotoxicity and neuronal cell death in the developing brain.
  • The neurotoxic effects of combined anesthetics are linked to alterations in specific brain function pathways.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the complex mechanisms of anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity.