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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis
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Thioether-Polyglycidol as Multivalent and Multifunctional Coating System for Gold Nanoparticles.

Susanne Feineis1, Johanna Lutz1, Lora Heffele2

  • 1Department of Functional Materials for Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|January 11, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Thioether-functional polymers offer superior gold nanoparticle (AuNP) stabilization compared to traditional thiols. This advancement enables robust biofunctionalization for targeted therapies and diagnostics.

Keywords:
diazirinesgold nanoparticle stabilitymultivalent thioetherspolyglycidol

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Thiol-functional polymers are standard for gold nanoparticle (AuNP) coating but have limitations.
  • Thiols' reactivity causes crosslinking, restricting biofunctionalization options.
  • Thioethers offer greater chemical stability and easier functionalization but their efficacy for AuNP stabilization is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically compare thiol- and thioether-functional polymers for AuNP stabilization.
  • To evaluate poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(glycidol) (PG) based polymers.
  • To demonstrate the potential of thioether-functional polymers for advanced biofunctionalization.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized and characterized mono- and multivalent thiol- and thioether-functional polymers.
  • Coated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with these polymers.
  • Assessed colloidal stability under various conditions (physiological, freeze-drying).
  • Demonstrated functionalization using diazirine chemistry for protein immobilization.

Main Results:

  • Multivalent thioether-functional poly(glycidol) (PG) provided superior colloidal stability to AuNPs compared to thiol analogs.
  • Stability was maintained under physiological conditions and after freeze-drying/resuspension.
  • A wide range of functional groups could be introduced onto the thioether-functional polymers.
  • Diazirine functionalization allowed covalent protein immobilization and antibody conjugation.

Conclusions:

  • Thioether-functional polymers, particularly multivalent PG, are superior to thiols for stabilizing AuNPs.
  • This approach enhances colloidal stability and broadens biofunctionalization possibilities.
  • The method enables covalent immobilization of biomolecules for targeted applications like cell therapy.