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Related Concept Videos

Korotkoff Sounds01:12

Korotkoff Sounds

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Korotkoff sounds are the specific sounds heard while measuring blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer, typically with a stethoscope or a Doppler device. They are named after Russian physician Nikolai Korotkov, who first described them in 1905. These sounds correspond to turbulent blood flow in the artery as the blood pressure cuff is gradually released after inflation.
During blood pressure assessment, inflating the cuff 30 millimeters of mercury above the patient's systolic blood pressure...
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Heart Sounds01:15

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Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
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The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
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Sound Waves01:01

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Sound waves can be thought of as fluctuations in the pressure of a medium through which they propagate. Since the pressure also makes the medium's particles vibrate along its direction of motion, the waves can be modeled as the displacement of the medium's particles from their mean position.
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The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the...
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The speed of sound in a gaseous medium depends on various factors. Since gases constitute molecules that are free to move, they are highly compressible. Hence, sound waves travel slowly through gases. Thermodynamics helps us understand the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of gases, thus, the speed of sound in an ideal gas can be determined using the laws of thermodynamics. At the same time, Newton's laws of motion and the continuity equation of fluid dynamics also come...
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Second Sound in Systems of One-Dimensional Fermions.

K A Matveev1, A V Andreev2

  • 1Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|January 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We investigated sound propagation in one-dimensional fermion systems. At low temperatures, a second sound mode emerges, enabling ballistic heat transfer, with weak damping at high frequencies.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Many-Body Systems
  • Low-Temperature Physics

Background:

  • Understanding emergent phenomena in low-dimensional quantum systems is crucial.
  • Sound propagation in interacting fermion systems reveals fundamental properties.
  • Galilean invariance provides a theoretical framework for studying such systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nature of sound propagation in one-dimensional (1D) Galilean invariant fermion systems.
  • To identify and characterize novel sound modes beyond simple density waves.
  • To analyze the temperature and frequency dependence of sound damping and heat transport.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of one-dimensional fermion systems.
  • Low-temperature and low-frequency regime analysis.
  • Hydrodynamic theory to describe sound propagation and heat transport.

Main Results:

  • Discovery of a second sound mode, distinct from density waves, at low temperatures.
  • This second sound corresponds to the ballistic propagation of heat.
  • Weak damping of the second sound is observed at high frequencies, dependent on an exponentially small relaxation rate.

Conclusions:

  • A second sound mode exists in 1D Galilean invariant fermion systems at low temperatures.
  • This mode facilitates ballistic heat transport, with damping becoming significant only at lower frequencies.
  • The findings offer insights into heat transport mechanisms in quantum many-body systems.