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Related Concept Videos

Isotopes01:12

Isotopes

65.1K
Elements have a set number of protons that determines their atomic number (Z). For example, all atoms with eight protons are oxygen; however, the number of neutrons can vary for atoms of the same element. The sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called isotopes. Elements can have multiple isotopes, for example, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14.
An element's atomic mass, or weight,...
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Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes02:31

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

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A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is used to indicate one atom of mercury (microscopic domain) or to label a container of many atoms of the element mercury (macroscopic domain).
Some symbols are derived from the common English name of the element; others are abbreviations of the name in another language — Latin, Greek or German. For example, the symbol for aluminum (common name)...
127.9K
Molecules and Compounds02:38

Molecules and Compounds

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Atoms and Molecules
69.8K
Elements and Compounds01:27

Elements and Compounds

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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
Elements
Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There...
105.5K
Classification of Elements and Compounds02:54

Classification of Elements and Compounds

73.9K
Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond. Elements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units.
Compounds are pure substances composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions. Compounds are classified as ionic or molecular (covalent) based on the bonds...
73.9K
Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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DNA Stable-Isotope Probing DNA-SIP
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Stable isotope compounds - production, detection, and application.

Vilém Zachleder1, Milada Vítová1, Monika Hlavová1

  • 1Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic.

Biotechnology Advances
|January 23, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stable isotopes, particularly deuterium, are vital tracers in biology and geology. This review covers their applications, limitations in living organisms, and advanced detection methods for biotechnology.

Keywords:
AlgaeCarbonDeuteriumMagnesiumNitrogenOxygenRaman spectroscopySeleniumStable isotopesSulfur

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Geology
  • Proteomics
  • Structural Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Stable isotopes serve as essential tracers across diverse scientific disciplines, including biology, geology, and archaeology.
  • Applications range from tracking metabolic fluxes to quantitative proteomics and structural biology studies.
  • Biogenic elements like hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, magnesium, and selenium possess stable isotopes crucial for research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the broad applications of stable isotopes, with a specific focus on hydrogen and deuterium.
  • To discuss the inherent limitations of enriching compounds with stable isotopes within living organisms.
  • To provide an overview of current methods for measuring stable isotopes, emphasizing in situ single-cell detection and biotechnological applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on stable isotope applications.
  • Analysis of limitations in biological enrichment processes.
  • Overview of analytical techniques for stable isotope measurement, including single-cell and in situ methods.

Main Results:

  • Stable isotopes are versatile tools in natural sciences and quantitative biology.
  • Enrichment of compounds with stable isotopes in vivo presents specific challenges.
  • Advanced methods enable precise measurement of stable isotopes, particularly in single cells.

Conclusions:

  • Stable isotopes, especially deuterium, are indispensable tools with expanding roles in biotechnology.
  • Understanding enrichment limitations is key to optimizing experimental design.
  • Emerging detection technologies facilitate novel applications in single-cell analysis and modern biotechnologies.