Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cognitive Dissonance01:38

Cognitive Dissonance

37.5K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
37.5K
Multiple Allele Traits01:49

Multiple Allele Traits

38.3K
The Concept of Multiple Allelism
38.3K
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

820
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
820
Cognitive Therapy01:25

Cognitive Therapy

1.3K
Cognitive therapy, pioneered by Aaron T. Beck in the 1960s, is a structured approach to addressing psychological distress by focusing on the influence of thoughts on emotions and behaviors. All cognitive therapies involve the basic assumption that human beings have control over their feelings, and that how individuals feel about something depends on how they think about it. Unlike psychoanalytic methods that delve into unconscious processes or humanistic approaches emphasizing...
1.3K
Cognition and Behavior01:23

Cognition and Behavior

389
Social psychology examines the complex interplay between individual mental processes and social interactions. Historically, the field was divided into two domains: social behavior and social cognition. Researchers focusing on social behavior analyzed actions within social contexts, such as conformity, aggression, or cooperation. Meanwhile, social cognition researchers investigated how people perceive, interpret, and mentally represent their social environments. However, modern perspectives no...
389
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

1.4K
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effects of vitamin B9 and B12-fortified corn flour on cognitive function in teenage girls: a randomized controlled trial in Ethiopia.

European journal of nutrition·2026
Same author

Phase 2 Futility Trials in Alzheimer Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Cohort Analysis of the ADNI Data Set.

Neurology·2026
Same author

Maternal Pregnancy Outcomes and Offspring Risk of Adult-Onset Multiple Sclerosis.

JAMA neurology·2026
Same author

Characterizing the extended language network in individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)·2025
Same author

The Language and Memory Test: Multinational Feasibility Study of a Digital Test to Measure Cognitive Change.

The European journal of neuroscience·2025
Same author

The language and memory test: A brief multidomain digital cognitive measure for multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.8K

Cognitive phenotypes in multiple sclerosis.

Victoria M Leavitt1, Gabriella Tosto2, Claire S Riley2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA. VL2337@cumc.columbia.edu.

Journal of Neurology
|January 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients can be categorized into distinct phenotypes, including processing speed (PS) and memory deficits. Identifying these cognitive phenotypes allows for a precision medicine approach to targeted MS treatments.

Keywords:
CognitionCognitive impairmentMultiple sclerosisNeuropsychology

More Related Videos

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.1K
A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS
08:18

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS

Published on: December 26, 2015

18.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

58.8K
Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

12.1K
A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS
08:18

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS

Published on: December 26, 2015

18.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Cognitive impairment affects approximately 50% of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, primarily impacting processing speed (PS) and memory.
  • Current methods classify MS patients as impaired or not impaired, creating heterogeneous groups with varied cognitive deficits.
  • A need exists to identify distinct patterns of cognitive deficits, termed 'cognitive phenotypes,' within the MS population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and evaluate the proportional representation of four distinct cognitive phenotypes in a large sample of MS patients.
  • To determine if cognitive phenotypes can be classified as: not impaired, processing speed-impaired only, memory-impaired only, or combined processing speed and memory impaired.

Main Methods:

  • Cognition was assessed in 128 relapsing-remitting MS patients using validated tests for verbal/visual memory and PS.
  • The representation of four defined cognitive phenotypes was evaluated within the patient cohort.
  • Demographic and clinical factors including age, education, disease duration, and IQ were compared across the identified cognitive phenotype groups.

Main Results:

  • Four cognitive phenotypes were identified: 56.3% not impaired, 7.8% PS-impaired only, 18.8% memory-impaired only, and 17.2% with both PS and memory impairment.
  • No significant differences in age, education, or disease duration were observed across the cognitive phenotype groups.
  • Patients in the 'not impaired' group exhibited higher IQ scores compared to those in the combined PS and memory impaired group.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully identified distinct cognitive phenotypes in MS patients, moving beyond a binary impairment classification.
  • This novel classification taxonomy for cognitive phenotypes in MS is crucial for advancing our understanding of cognitive dysfunction.
  • Adoption of this precision medicine approach will facilitate the development of targeted and effective treatments for cognitive impairments in individuals with MS.