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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Cellular Differentiation00:57

Cellular Differentiation

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How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...
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Cellular Respiration01:18

Cellular Respiration

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Cellular respiration is a crucial metabolic process through which cells obtain energy from organic substances, mainly glucose, to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This process includes the oxidation of substrates and the transfer of electrons to a separate electron acceptor, facilitating ATP synthesis through a sequence of biochemical reactions.Glycolysis: The Initial StepGlycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic...
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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In ovo Expression of MicroRNA in Ventral Chick Midbrain
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In ovo Expression of MicroRNA in Ventral Chick Midbrain

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Big Strides in Cellular MicroRNA Expression.

Marc K Halushka1, Bastian Fromm2, Kevin J Peterson3

  • 1Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|January 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding the cellular origin of microRNAs (miRNAs) is crucial for functional and biomarker studies. Recent research mapping miRNA expression across human cell types reveals many exhibit cell type-specific patterns, advancing this field.

Keywords:
RNA-seqcell expressionmicroRNA

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Enrichment of Native Lipoprotein Particles with microRNA and Subsequent Determination of Their Absolute/Relative microRNA Content and Their Cellular Transfer Rate
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Detection of MicroRNA Expression in the Kidneys of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathic Mice
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Enrichment of Native Lipoprotein Particles with microRNA and Subsequent Determination of Their Absolute/Relative microRNA Content and Their Cellular Transfer Rate
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The cellular origin of microRNAs (miRNAs) remains largely unknown, hindering functional and biomarker research.
  • Accurate miRNA localization is essential for understanding cellular processes and disease mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize miRNA expression patterns across a wide range of human cell types.
  • To determine the cell type-specificity of miRNA expression.
  • To provide a comprehensive resource for miRNA localization studies.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of data from three recent studies.
  • Analysis of miRNA expression profiles across more than 78 distinct human cell types.
  • Comparative analysis of miRNA expression patterns.

Main Results:

  • A significant expansion of knowledge regarding miRNA expression localization.
  • Confirmation that numerous miRNAs display distinct expression patterns specific to particular cell types.
  • Identification of cell type-specific miRNA signatures.

Conclusions:

  • The cellular origin and specific expression patterns of miRNAs are now better understood.
  • This enhanced knowledge facilitates more accurate functional and biomarker studies.
  • The findings provide a valuable foundation for future miRNA research.