Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Open and closed-loop control systems01:17

Open and closed-loop control systems

1.8K
Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal...
1.8K
Feedback Loops01:01

Feedback Loops

64.9K
In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
64.9K
Close Relationships and Culture01:29

Close Relationships and Culture

254
Culture shapes how people approach attraction, choose partners, and build long-term relationships. While some preferences in mate selection appear consistent across cultures, such as men valuing physical attractiveness and women emphasizing financial resources, cultural contexts influence how these preferences are expressed and prioritized. Marriage extends beyond romantic ideals in many societies and is deeply embedded in social, economic, and religious frameworks.The Role of Culture in Mate...
254
Friendships and Close Friendships01:20

Friendships and Close Friendships

245
Friendship formation is a dynamic process shaped by psychological, cultural, and social factors. Friendships play a crucial role in emotional well-being, social development, and personal identity from childhood to adulthood.Childhood and Early FriendshipsFriendships in childhood often arise due to shared environments, such as school or neighborhood interactions. At this stage, proximity and common interests serve as the primary basis for connection. As children grow, their friendships evolve...
245
Positive and Negative Feedback Loops01:18

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

25.5K
Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires  maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:
25.5K
Critical Numbers and the Closed Interval Method01:21

Critical Numbers and the Closed Interval Method

74
Understanding the maximum and minimum values of a function is essential for analyzing its overall behavior. These values, often referred to as extrema, provide insight into how a function behaves across its domain. In mathematical terms, extrema can be either local—representing peaks and valleys within a limited region—or absolute, indicating the highest or lowest points over an entire interval.A function’s extrema occur at critical numbers, which are values in the domain...
74

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Deep Brain Stimulation of the Nucleus Accumbens Modulates Effort-Based Decision-Making and Phasic Dopamine Release in Male Wistar Rats.

Journal of neurochemistry·2026
Same author

Identifying temporal eating patterns: a comparison of latent class analysis and dynamic time warping-based cluster analysis.

The American journal of clinical nutrition·2026
Same author

ATP bioenergetics and fatigue in young adults with and without major depression.

Translational psychiatry·2026
Same author

Technological Approaches and Translational Challenges in Bedside External Ventricular Drain Placement: A Systematic Review.

Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.)·2026
Same author

Microclimate-Controlled Smart Growth Cabinets for High-Throughput Plant Phenotyping.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Melatonin in bipolar disorder.

Journal of affective disorders·2025
Same journal

A computational framework for fitting biophysical basal-ganglia network models, applied to Parkinsonian beta oscillations.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same journal

A sensor-driven Hill-type muscle modeling framework integrating sEMG and pFMG for biceps brachii force estimation.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same journal

Overcoming brain non-stationarity: Adaptive RLS classification for stable BCIs based on auditory evoked potentials.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same journal

Mapping neural representations of fine and gross upper-limb movements across dorsoventral subthalamic nucleus subregions in Parkinson's disease.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same journal

Ultra-flexible wireless endovascular stimulator for cortical simulation.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same journal

Influence of frequency and pulse train duration on respiratory responses during transcutaneous phrenic nerve stimulation in humans.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve
10:53

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve

Published on: October 8, 2014

15.1K

Towards miniaturized closed-loop optogenetic stimulation devices.

Epsy S Edward1, Abbas Z Kouzani1, Susannah J Tye2

  • 1School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.

Journal of Neural Engineering
|January 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review details miniaturized closed-loop optogenetic stimulation devices, crucial for precisely targeting brain cells and improving neurological disorder treatments. It explores hardware, software, and future directions for these advanced therapeutic tools.

More Related Videos

Using Neuron Spiking Activity to Trigger Closed-Loop Stimuli in Neurophysiological Experiments
05:19

Using Neuron Spiking Activity to Trigger Closed-Loop Stimuli in Neurophysiological Experiments

Published on: November 12, 2019

7.6K
Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster
08:03

Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: January 25, 2013

18.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve
10:53

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve

Published on: October 8, 2014

15.1K
Using Neuron Spiking Activity to Trigger Closed-Loop Stimuli in Neurophysiological Experiments
05:19

Using Neuron Spiking Activity to Trigger Closed-Loop Stimuli in Neurophysiological Experiments

Published on: November 12, 2019

7.6K
Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster
08:03

Optogenetic Stimulation of Escape Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: January 25, 2013

18.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Electrical brain stimulation offers therapeutic benefits but lacks cell-type selectivity.
  • Optogenetics enables precise cell targeting but doesn't adapt to real-time brain states.
  • Closed-loop optogenetics integrates real-time feedback for optimized stimulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent progress in miniaturized closed-loop optogenetic stimulation devices.
  • To provide a comprehensive study of existing devices and their components.
  • To address the need for a review focusing on practical device advancements.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of hardware components: electrodes, light-guiding mechanisms, optical sources, neural recorders, and optical stimulators.
  • Description of software modules: feature extraction, classification, control, and stimulation parameter modulation.
  • Categorization of devices into open-loop and closed-loop systems, analyzing their integrated operation.

Main Results:

  • A generic architecture for closed-loop optogenetic stimulation devices (hardware and software) is presented.
  • A comprehensive investigation and detailed comparison of current miniaturized, tetherless closed-loop optogenetic devices are provided.
  • Challenges in design and implementation are identified, with suggestions and future directions outlined.

Conclusions:

  • Miniaturized closed-loop optogenetic devices represent a significant advancement in targeted neurological therapies.
  • Understanding device architecture, components, and challenges is crucial for future development.
  • This review provides a foundation for further innovation in closed-loop optogenetics.