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Related Concept Videos

Retrieval01:12

Retrieval

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Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
Recall involves accessing information without cues, such as during an essay test, where individuals must retrieve facts and concepts from memory unaided. Another example is remembering the name of a colleague...
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ER Retrieval Pathway01:45

ER Retrieval Pathway

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In the secretory pathway, vesicles transport proteins from one cellular compartment to another in forward transport to deliver the protein to its correct location. Occasionally, misfolded proteins and incorrect proteins escape their original compartments, and a retrieval pathway is used to return the escaped proteins to their original compartment.
The ER uses many checkpoints to prevent the entry of incorrectly folded or a resident protein as cargo onto a transport vesicle. These mechanisms...
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Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups01:09

Directing Effect of Substituents: meta-Directing Groups

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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:38

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

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Overview
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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

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Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis of LDL
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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Does ease mediate the ease-of-retrieval effect? A meta-analysis.

Evan Weingarten1, J Wesley Hutchinson2

  • 1Marketing Department, University of California - San Diego.

Psychological Bulletin
|February 2, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People often use how easy it is to recall examples, rather than the number of examples, to make judgments. This ease-of-retrieval effect is real but not fully explained by subjective ease alone.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Individuals frequently rely on feelings, not just facts, for decision-making.
  • The ease-of-retrieval effect suggests subjective ease of generating examples influences judgment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To meta-analytically assess the robustness of the ease-of-retrieval effect.
  • To determine the extent to which subjective ease mediates this effect.
  • To investigate moderators influencing the ease-of-retrieval effect.

Main Methods:

  • Meta-analysis of 142 papers, 263 studies, and 582 effect sizes.
  • Analysis of the standard few-versus-many example generation manipulation.
  • Examination of experimental conditions and moderator manipulations.

Main Results:

  • The standard ease-of-retrieval manipulation shows a medium-sized effect.
  • Subjective ease mediates approximately one-third to one-half of the effect.
  • Publication bias was found to reduce the observed effect size.
  • Theory-based moderators significantly influenced effects, while method-based moderators did not.

Conclusions:

  • The ease-of-retrieval effect is robust but not solely mediated by subjective ease.
  • Publication bias inflates the reported effect size.
  • Understanding moderators is crucial for predicting the effect's direction and magnitude.