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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
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Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials
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Thermal Transport in Phosphorene.

Guangzhao Qin1, Ming Hu1,2

  • 1Institute of Mineral Engineering, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Georesources and Materials Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52064, Germany.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|February 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review summarizes thermal transport properties of phosphorene, a 2D semiconductor, from single layers to bulk. It explores factors influencing thermal conductivity and resonant bonding effects for nanoelectronic applications.

Keywords:
phosphoreneresonant bondingstrain and substractthermal transporttwo-dimensional materials

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Phosphorene is a novel 2D elemental semiconductor with unique properties.
  • Growing applications in nano/optoelectronics and thermoelectrics necessitate understanding its thermal transport.
  • Existing research shows diverse thermal conductivity values, requiring clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review thermal transport properties of phosphorene across different forms (single-layer, multilayer, bulk).
  • To elucidate mechanisms behind reported thermal conductivity discrepancies.
  • To provide insights into factors affecting thermal conductivity for designing phosphorene-based devices.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical calculations and experimental measurements.
  • Analysis of computational methods, including functionals and cutoff distances.
  • Investigation of resonant bonding, phonon anharmonicity, and long-range interactions.

Main Results:

  • Thermal conductivity trends from single-layer to bulk phosphorene are presented.
  • The impact of computational parameters on thermal transport evaluations is discussed.
  • The role of resonant bonding in phonon behavior and its influence on thermal transport is highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding thermal transport in phosphorene is crucial for its application in nanoelectronics.
  • Factors like strain, substrate, heterostructures, and nanoribbons influence extrinsic thermal conductivity.
  • This review consolidates knowledge for future phosphorene-based device development.