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Passive Filters

Passive Filters

Passive filters are utilized to shape the frequency spectrum of signals across a diverse array of applications. These filters, using only passive elements like resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C), are capable of selectively allowing or blocking certain frequency ranges without the need for external power sources.
Low-Pass Filters
Low-pass filters are designed to transmit signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency, ωc, and attenuate those above it. The cutoff...

Active Filters

Active Filters

Active filters are electronic circuits that use operational amplifiers (op-amps), resistors, and capacitors to filter out unwanted frequency components from a signal. A first-order low-pass active filter is designed to pass signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuate frequencies higher than that cutoff frequency. The transfer function for a first-order low-pass active filter is:

Work Done Over an Inclined Plane

Work Done Over an Inclined Plane

The center-of-mass framework helps to easily describe the work done on rigid bodies. Since the internal forces in a rigid body do no work, they can be ignored, and the external forces can be considered in the work-energy theorem.
The work done by gravity to move a rigid body, or the work done by an opposing force to move a rigid body against gravity, can be calculated using the center-of-mass framework. It is the line integral of the force of gravity over the path, considered positive if...

Coordinate Plane

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The Cartesian coordinate plane is a fundamental structure in mathematics that enables the visualization of relationships between numerical values in two dimensions. It is formed by two intersecting number lines: a horizontal x-axis and a vertical y-axis. These axes meet at the origin, the point where both values are zero. Their intersection divides the plane into four quadrants labeled in a counterclockwise direction starting from the upper right.An ordered pair of numbers represents every...

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Plane Electromagnetic Waves I

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The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of Maxwell's equations. As Maxwell's equations hold in free space, the predicted electromagnetic waves do not require a medium for their propagation. An EM wave comprises an electric field, defined as the force per charge on a stationary charge, and a magnetic field, which is the force per charge on a moving charge.
The EM field is assumed to be a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Evaluating Targeting Accuracy in the Focal Plane for an Ultrasound-guided High-intensity Focused Ultrasound Phased-array System

Evaluating Targeting Accuracy in the Focal Plane for an Ultrasound-guided High-intensity Focused Ultrasound Phased-array System

Published on: March 6, 2019

Pixel-sized infrared filters for a multispectral focal plane array.

Antoine Bierret, Grégory Vincent, Julien Jaeck

|February 6, 2018

Summary

We theoretically studied guided-mode-resonance filters for infrared cameras. These filters show spectral filtering ability and low crosstalk, enabling new multispectral imaging technologies.

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Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Evaluating Targeting Accuracy in the Focal Plane for an Ultrasound-guided High-intensity Focused Ultrasound Phased-array System

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Published on: March 6, 2019

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Published on: April 8, 2016

Area of Science:

Optics and Photonics
Nanotechnology
Infrared Imaging

Background:

Sub-wavelength metallic gratings and dielectric waveguides are key components in optical filters.
Existing research often assumes infinite filter sizes, which may not reflect real-world applications.
Infrared focal plane array pixels require compact filter geometries.

Purpose of the Study:

To theoretically investigate guided-mode-resonance filters with geometries suitable for infrared focal plane arrays.
To analyze the performance of finite-sized filters under focused and oblique beams.
To explore the potential of these filters for advanced multispectral infrared cameras.

Main Methods:

Theoretical modeling of guided-mode-resonance filters composed of metallic gratings and a dielectric waveguide.
Simulation of optical properties for finite-sized filter mosaics (30 μm length).
Analysis of spectral filtering, crosstalk, and the impact of oblique incidence.

Main Results:

Demonstrated effective spectral filtering capabilities of the proposed filter design.
Quantified low crosstalk between adjacent filter elements.
Investigated the influence of focused and oblique beams on filter performance.

Conclusions:

The studied filters are suitable for integration with infrared focal plane arrays.
The results support the development of a new generation of multispectral infrared cameras.
A simple architecture utilizing these filters is proposed for practical implementation.