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Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...

Electron Affinity

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The Pauli Exclusion Principle

The arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom is called its electron configuration. We describe an electron configuration with a symbol that contains three pieces of information:

Periodic Classification of the Elements

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

A programmable two-qubit quantum processor in silicon.

T F Watson¹, S G J Philips¹, E Kawakami¹

¹QuTech and the Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands.

|February 15, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a scalable silicon quantum processor using quantum-dot spin qubits. This advancement overcomes key challenges, paving the way for larger, fault-tolerant quantum computers.

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Area of Science:

Quantum Computing
Solid-State Physics

Background:

Achieving high fidelities for individual quantum bits (qubits) is now possible.
Scaling up qubit numbers for fault-tolerant quantum computing presents significant challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a programmable two-qubit quantum processor using quantum-dot-based spin qubits.
To overcome challenges in qubit crosstalk, state leakage, calibration, and control hardware.

Main Methods:

Utilized quantum-dot-based spin qubits for potential high-density integration and all-electrical operation.
Employed carefully designed control techniques to manage qubit interactions and errors.
Performed quantum-state tomography to characterize entanglement and measure state fidelities.

Main Results:

Successfully demonstrated a programmable two-qubit quantum processor in a silicon device.
Executed canonical quantum algorithms: Deutsch-Josza and Grover search.
Achieved state fidelities of 85-89% and concurrences of 73-82% for Bell states.

Conclusions:

The developed quantum processor overcomes critical challenges in scaling quantum computing.
Quantum-dot spin qubits in silicon show promise for building larger-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computers.