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    Area of Science:

    • Laser Physics and Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Quantum Electronics

    Background:

    • Mode-locked lasers are crucial for generating ultrashort optical pulses.
    • The 2 μm spectral range is important for various applications, including medical and spectroscopy.
    • Developing femtosecond lasers in this range requires advanced gain media and laser designs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate the first sub-100 femtosecond mode-locked holmium (Ho3+)-doped laser.
    • To utilize a disordered co-doped thulium and holmium calcium yttrium aluminum oxide (Tm,Ho:CALYO) crystal as a gain medium.
    • To achieve ultrashort pulse durations in the 2 μm spectral range.

    Main Methods:

    • Employed a Tm,Ho:CALYO crystal as the gain medium in a laser cavity.
    • Utilized mode-locking techniques to generate ultrashort laser pulses.
    • Characterized the output pulses for duration, power, and repetition rate.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved pulses as short as 87 femtoseconds (fs).
    • Obtained an average output power of 27 milliwatts (mW) at a repetition rate of 80.45 megahertz (MHz).
    • Reached an output power of 96 mW with a pulse duration of 98 fs.

    Conclusions:

    • Successfully demonstrated the first sub-100 fs mode-locked Ho3+ laser in the 2 μm range using a Tm,Ho:CALYO crystal.
    • The disordered co-doped crystal enables efficient generation of ultrashort pulses.
    • This advancement opens possibilities for high-power, ultrashort pulse generation in the mid-infrared spectrum.