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Related Concept Videos

Quantum Numbers02:43

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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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A random variable is a single numerical value that indicates the outcome of a procedure. The concept of random variables is fundamental to the probability theory and was introduced by a Russian mathematician, Pafnuty Chebyshev, in the mid-nineteenth century.
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Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Programmable quantum random number generator without postprocessing.

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    This study introduces a new method for generating high-purity quantum random numbers. The technique allows for programmable statistical properties without postprocessing, ensuring unbiased and reliable random number generation.

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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum physics
    • Information science

    Background:

    • Random number generation is crucial for cryptography and simulations.
    • Existing methods often require postprocessing to ensure randomness quality.
    • Quantum mechanics offers a path to truly random number generation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a novel, postprocessing-free source of quantum random numbers.
    • To enable arbitrary programming of statistical properties for generated random numbers.
    • To achieve near-ideal statistical purity in quantum random number generation.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing the arrival time of single photons.
    • Shaping photon temporal modes with an electro-optical modulator.
    • Tailoring probability distributions for direct quantum random number generation.

    Main Results:

    • Generated quantum random numbers passed NIST and Dieharder randomness tests without extraction.
    • Achieved min-entropies close to theoretical limits, indicating high purity.
    • Demonstrated arbitrary programmability of statistical properties.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed technique provides a viable source of unbiased quantum random numbers.
    • The method is easy to implement and offers versatile applications in data analysis.
    • Eliminates the need for randomness distillation or distribution transformation.