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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

20.9K
Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
20.9K
States of Water01:23

States of Water

57.4K
Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
57.4K
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

50.5K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
50.5K
Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base02:30

Water: A Bronsted-Lowry Acid and Base

59.2K
The reaction between a Brønsted-Lowry acid and water is called acid ionization. For example, when hydrogen fluoride dissolves in water and ionizes, protons are transferred from hydrogen fluoride molecules to water molecules, yielding hydronium ions and fluoride ions:
59.2K
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

16.2K
Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
16.2K
Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.3K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Fabrication of a Dipole-assisted Solid Phase Extraction Microchip for Trace Metal Analysis in Water Samples
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Fabrication of a Dipole-assisted Solid Phase Extraction Microchip for Trace Metal Analysis in Water Samples

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Solid-Phase Extraction Coupled to a Paper-Based Technique for Trace Copper Detection in Drinking Water.

Casey W Quinn, David M Cate, Daniel D Miller-Lionberg1

  • 1Access Sensor Technologies, LLC, Fort Collins , Colorado 80524 , United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|February 23, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new, low-cost method uses paper-based devices to detect copper in drinking water. This field-deployable tool offers rapid, instrument-free quantification of metal contamination, aiding public health monitoring.

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Integration of Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Urine for Clinical Applications
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A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants
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A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

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Integration of Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Urine for Clinical Applications
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A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Metal contamination in water poses significant public and environmental health risks.
  • Current quantification methods involve costly, time-consuming laboratory analyses.
  • There is a need for rapid, field-deployable water quality assessment tools.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a low-cost, field-deployable method for quantifying trace copper levels in drinking water.
  • To couple solid-phase extraction/preconcentration with a microfluidic paper-based analytical device.
  • To provide a simple, instrument-free quantification method for water metal analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized solid-phase extraction and preconcentration techniques.
  • Employed a microfluidic paper-based analytical device for copper detection.
  • Developed a colorimetric quantification method based on color distance for "read by eye" analysis.
  • Validated the method against Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Main Results:

  • Successfully quantified copper in tap water samples from Fort Collins, CO.
  • Achieved quantification within 30% of the reference ICP-MS technique.
  • Demonstrated effective detection of copper at levels ranging from 20 to 500,000 ppb.
  • Validated the method as a rapid screening tool for soluble metals.

Conclusions:

  • The developed paper-based analytical device offers a cost-effective and field-deployable solution for copper detection in drinking water.
  • This instrument-free, hand-powered method facilitates faster and more accessible water quality monitoring.
  • The technology shows promise for improving the rapid screening of soluble metal contamination in water systems.