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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

3.3K
The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Electron Orbital Model01:18

Electron Orbital Model

73.1K
Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
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Updated: Feb 14, 2026

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps
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Spin-Orbit-Coupled Interferometry with Ring-Trapped Bose-Einstein Condensates.

J L Helm1, T P Billam2, A Rakonjac3

  • 1The Dodd-Walls Centre for Photonic and Quantum Technologies, Department of Physics, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.

Physical Review Letters
|February 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new atom interferometry method using spinor Bose-Einstein condensates and time-varying magnetic fields. This technique offers high sensitivity to Sagnac effects and magnetic fields, limited only by condensate lifetime.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Atomic physics
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Atom interferometry is a sensitive measurement technique.
  • Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) offer unique quantum properties for interferometry.
  • Spinor BECs possess internal spin states that can be manipulated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel atom interferometry protocol using spinor BECs.
  • To create long-lived superpositional counterflow states for enhanced sensitivity.
  • To enable sensitive measurements of the Sagnac effect and magnetic fields.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a time-varying magnetic field as a coherent beam splitter for a spinor BEC.
  • Splitting a ring-trapped condensate in the m_f=0 state into superpositions of m_f=±1 states.
  • Employing spin-orbit coupling and adiabatic deterministic protocols for counterflow generation.

Main Results:

  • Generation of long-lived superpositional counterflow states in a spinor BEC.
  • Achieved sensitivity to Sagnac effect and magnetic fields on the sub-μG scale.
  • Protocol maximizes classical Fisher information for enhanced precision.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method provides a novel and highly sensitive approach to atom interferometry.
  • The technique is deterministic and does not require additional optical or mechanical methods.
  • Precision is scalable with interrogation time, limited by condensate lifetime.