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Related Concept Videos

Equivalent Capacitance01:19

Equivalent Capacitance

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From the study of resistive circuits, it is understood that employing a series-parallel combination serves as an effective strategy for simplifying circuits. Capacitors can be arranged within a circuit in one of two ways: a series configuration or a parallel configuration. The way these capacitors are connected to a battery will influence both the potential drop across each individual capacitor and the size of the charge that each capacitor can store. This is determined by the specific type of...
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Equivalent Capacitance01:19

Equivalent Capacitance

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Multiple capacitors can be connected in a circuit in series or parallel configuration. When the capacitor combination is connected to a battery, the potential drop across each capacitor and the magnitude of charge stored in the individual capacitor depends on the type of the connection. The capacitor combination is replaced by a single equivalent capacitor that stores the same amount of charge as the combination for a given potential difference.
The following strategies are adopted to calculate...
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Capacitors and Capacitance01:18

Capacitors and Capacitance

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A device consisting of two electrical conductors that are separated by a distance and used to store electrical charges is called a capacitor. The space between the conductors is either a vacuum or an insulating material, called a dielectric. Capacitors have many applications, ranging from filtering static from radio reception to energy storage in heart defibrillators.
When the conductors are two identical parallel plates, it is called a parallel plate capacitor. When battery terminals are...
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Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

Standard Electrode Potentials

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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

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In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.
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Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:25

Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line

619
In electrical power systems, understanding the capacitance of transmission lines is fundamental for efficient operation.
Single-Phase Lines
Consider a single-phase, two-wire transmission line with equal phase spacing energized by a voltage source. One conductor carries a uniform positive charge, while the other carries an equal negative charge. The capacitance C of the line can be derived from the voltage V between the conductors. For a one-meter section of the line, the capacitance is given...
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Ultrasensitive Detection of Biomarkers by Using a Molecular Imprinting Based Capacitive Biosensor
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Sensitive and selective Affimer-functionalised interdigitated electrode-based capacitive biosensor for Her4 protein

Pavel Zhurauski1, Sunil K Arya1, Pawan Jolly1

  • 1Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.

Biosensors & Bioelectronics
|February 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A novel capacitive biosensor using Affimer technology can detect the Her4 tumor biomarker in undiluted serum with high sensitivity and specificity. This Affimer sensor shows potential for developing new diagnostic tools.

Keywords:
AffimerBiosensorCapacitanceHer4ImpedimetricSerum

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Detection of Human Leukocyte Antigen Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Utilizing Label-free Biosensor Technology
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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Her4 is a protein tumor biomarker.
  • Current detection methods may lack sensitivity or require sample dilution.
  • Affimer technology offers a potential alternative for biomarker detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel Affimer-functionalised interdigitated electrode-based capacitive biosensor.
  • To detect and quantify the Her4 protein biomarker in undiluted serum.
  • To evaluate the sensor's sensitivity, specificity, and dynamic range.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of gold interdigitated electrodes functionalised with anti-Her4 Affimers via self-assembly.
  • Utilisation of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) to monitor capacitance changes for detection.
  • Testing sensor performance in buffer and undiluted serum.

Main Results:

  • The Affimer sensor demonstrated high sensitivity with a limit of detection lower than 1 pM.
  • A broad dynamic range from 1 pM to 100 nM was observed in both buffer and serum.
  • Excellent specificity was shown, with negligible interference from other serum proteins.

Conclusions:

  • The developed Affimer-based capacitive biosensor is effective for detecting Her4 in undiluted serum.
  • The sensor exhibits high sensitivity, specificity, and resilience to non-specific binding.
  • This platform holds potential for adaptation to detect other biomarkers, paving the way for new biosensor development.