Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Schizophrenia01:17

Schizophrenia

1.0K
Schizophrenia, a term introduced by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1911, describes a severe psychological disorder marked by profound disruptions in attention, thought processes, language, emotion, and interpersonal relationships. The core feature of schizophrenia is psychosis — a state characterized by a fundamental detachment from reality. This disconnection manifests through distorted logic, impaired perception, and atypical behavior, severely affecting the lives of those...
1.0K
Biological Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

663
Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
The genetic basis of schizophrenia is strongly supported by family and twin...
663
Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

650
Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
650
Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia01:30

Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

637
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
Negative Symptoms
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia manifest as deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functioning, profoundly impacting daily life. Individuals with schizophrenia often display a flat affect, characterized by a near-total absence of emotional expression,...
637
C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

49.3K
Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...
49.3K
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

16.6K
Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
16.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Mentoring nurses through global partnerships: A scoping review.

Nursing outlook·2026
Same author

Preterm Infants With Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Pulmonary Hypertension.

NeoReviews·2025
Same author

Comparison of Alabama Nurse Experiences Between Practice Areas During the Early COVID-19 Pandemic.

Workplace health & safety·2024
Same author

Activity of Protein Kinase A in the Frontal Cortex in Schizophrenia.

Brain sciences·2024
Same author

Habitual Physical Activity of People with or at Risk of Diabetes-Related Foot Complications.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2023
Same author

Including a Technical Factor with Physical and In-Game Movement Factors Improves Model Sensitivity When Evaluating Draft Outcome in Elite-Junior Australian Rules Football.

Sports (Basel, Switzerland)·2023
Same journal

Auditory event-related potentials and psychosis dimensions.

Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology·2026
Same journal

Cultural humility in the teaching and practice of clinical care.

Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology·2026
Same journal

Kappa opioid receptors mediate aversion-and it matters.

Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology·2026
Same journal

Splice isoforms of the histone variant macroH2A1 differentially regulate hippocampal gene expression and memory formation.

Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology·2026
Same journal

Chronic ethanol self-administration alters dopamine in the caudate nucleus and putamen of rhesus macaques in a sex-dependent manner.

Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology·2026
Same journal

In memoriam-Shigeto Yamawaki, M.D., Ph.D. (1954-2026).

Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 14, 2026

A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia
05:51

A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia

Published on: June 15, 2011

26.5K

Cell-subtype-specific changes in adenosine pathways in schizophrenia.

Sinead Marie O'Donovan1, Courtney Sullivan2, Rachael Koene2

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA. odonovsm@ucmail.uc.edu.

Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
|February 28, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Schizophrenia involves altered adenosine metabolism in brain cells. This study found decreased adenosine-related gene expression in astrocytes and neurons, suggesting cell-specific changes in schizophrenia pathophysiology.

More Related Videos

Cell Subtype-specific Analysis of Neuronal Membrane Proteasome in Somatosensory Neurons
09:27

Cell Subtype-specific Analysis of Neuronal Membrane Proteasome in Somatosensory Neurons

Published on: October 10, 2025

573
Subtype-specific Optical Action Potential Recordings in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Ventricular Cardiomyocytes
06:59

Subtype-specific Optical Action Potential Recordings in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

Published on: September 27, 2018

7.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 14, 2026

A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia
05:51

A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia

Published on: June 15, 2011

26.5K
Cell Subtype-specific Analysis of Neuronal Membrane Proteasome in Somatosensory Neurons
09:27

Cell Subtype-specific Analysis of Neuronal Membrane Proteasome in Somatosensory Neurons

Published on: October 10, 2025

573
Subtype-specific Optical Action Potential Recordings in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Ventricular Cardiomyocytes
06:59

Subtype-specific Optical Action Potential Recordings in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

Published on: September 27, 2018

7.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Psychiatry
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Animal models suggest adenosine metabolism abnormalities in astrocytes contribute to schizophrenia.
  • Translating these findings to the human brain is crucial for understanding schizophrenia.
  • Investigating cell-subtype-specific changes in the adenosine system is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify dysregulated adenosine system components in the human brain in schizophrenia.
  • To determine if these changes are specific to astrocytes or also occur in neurons.
  • To explore the cell-subtype-specific pathophysiology of the adenosine system in schizophrenia.

Main Methods:

  • Laser capture microdissection to isolate enriched populations of DLPFC pyramidal neurons and astrocytes.
  • Quantitative PCR (qPCR) to assess mRNA expression of adenosine system components.
  • Comparison of gene expression between schizophrenia and control subjects (n=16 per group).

Main Results:

  • Decreased mRNA levels of Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (ENTPD1) and ENTPD2 in astrocytes.
  • Decreased mRNA levels of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) and adenosine A1 receptor in pyramidal neurons.
  • Increased mRNA levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in pyramidal neurons.

Conclusions:

  • Findings suggest altered ATP metabolism in astrocytes, potentially reducing adenosine availability.
  • Changes in ENT1 and ADA in neurons may indicate increased adenosine catabolism.
  • Results highlight cell-subtype-specific alterations in the adenosine system in schizophrenia.