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Related Concept Videos

Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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Water and Mineral Acquisition02:34

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Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
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Tooth Anatomy01:21

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The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
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Site-Directed Immobilization of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 to Solid Surfaces by Click Chemistry
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Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 Coordinates Early Tooth Mineralization.

Z Malik1, M Alexiou1, B Hallgrimsson2

  • 11 School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.

Journal of Dental Research
|March 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2) is crucial for organized tooth mineralization. Loss of Bmp2 in mice delays dentin and enamel formation, leading to defects resembling dentinogenesis imperfecta type II.

Keywords:
dentinepithelial-mesenchymal interactiongene expressionmouse geneticsosteodentinsignaling

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Biomineralization

Background:

  • Tooth crown formation involves complex epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and extracellular matrix deposition.
  • Bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) are implicated in tooth development, but their specific roles, particularly Bmp2 in mineralization, remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of odontoblast-derived Bmp2 in the process of tooth mineralization using conditional knockout mouse models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Bmp2 conditional knockout mice and Bmp2LacZ reporter mice for expression analysis.
  • Employed immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), micro-computed tomography, and scanning electron microscopy.
  • Transplanted tooth germs from Bmp2-deficient embryos to assess mature tooth phenotypes.

Main Results:

  • Loss of Bmp2 delayed dentin and enamel deposition, causing odontoblast polarization defects.
  • Reduced Bmp signaling in ameloblasts correlated with decreased expression of key enamel matrix proteins (Amlx, Ambn, Mmp20).
  • Bmp2 deficiency led to increased Wnt antagonists (Dkk1, Sost) and reduced Wnt signaling in odontoblasts, impacting Dspp expression.
  • Bmp2-deficient teeth exhibited features of dentinogenesis imperfecta type II, including thin dentin/enamel and ectopic osteodentin.

Conclusions:

  • Bmp2 is essential for early, nonredundant signaling in directed and organized tooth mineralization.
  • Bmp2 influences odontoblast organization and ameloblast differentiation through complex signaling pathways.
  • The study establishes Bmp2 as a critical regulator of dental hard tissue formation and integrity.