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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Hydronium and hydroxide ions are present both in pure water and in all aqueous solutions, and their concentrations are inversely proportional as determined by the ion product of water (Kw). The concentrations of these ions in a solution are often critical determinants of the solution’s properties and the chemical behaviors of its other solutes. Two different solutions can differ in their hydronium or hydroxide ion concentrations by a million, billion, or even trillion times. A common means of...
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In designing and analyzing filters, resonant circuits, or circuit analysis at large, working with standard element values like 1 ohm, 1 henry, or 1 farad can be convenient before scaling these values to more realistic figures. This approach is widely utilized by not employing realistic element values in numerous examples and problems; it simplifies mastering circuit analysis through convenient component values. The complexity of calculations is thereby reduced, with the understanding that...
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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A reversible chemical reaction represents a chemical process that proceeds in both forward (left to right) and reverse (right to left) directions. When the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, the concentrations of the reactant and product species remain constant over time and the system is at equilibrium. A special double arrow is used to emphasize the reversible nature of the reaction. The relative concentrations of reactants and products in equilibrium systems vary greatly;...
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Noninvasive extraction of microsecond-scale dynamics from human motor cortex.

Lari M Koponen1,2, Jaakko O Nieminen1,2, Tuomas P Mutanen1,2

  • 1Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland.

Human Brain Mapping
|March 3, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel transcranial magnetic stimulation method to measure neuronal activity faster. This new technique allows observing neuronal kinetics on the microsecond scale noninvasively in vivo.

Keywords:
electromyographyion-channel dynamicsmotor-evoked potentialprimary motor cortexpulse waveformtranscranial magnetic stimulationvoltage-gated sodium channels

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biophysics
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Current noninvasive electromagnetic recording techniques observe neuronal dynamics at the millisecond scale.
  • Measuring faster neuronal events typically requires in vitro or invasive methods.
  • A gap exists in noninvasive in vivo techniques for microsecond-scale neuronal dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a new paradigm for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS).
  • To enable noninvasive measurement of neuronal kinetics on the microsecond scale in vivo.
  • To overcome limitations of current millisecond-scale noninvasive recording techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel TMS waveform adjustment on the microsecond scale.
  • Varied the duration between positive and negative phases of the induced electric field.
  • Studied changes in elicited motor responses correlating with waveform adjustments.

Main Results:

  • The electric field magnitude required for a given motor-evoked potential amplitude decreased exponentially with adjusted waveform duration.
  • This relationship exhibited a time constant of 17 µs.
  • Demonstrated an indirect noninvasive measurement paradigm for microsecond-scale neuronal kinetics.

Conclusions:

  • The novel TMS paradigm successfully enables studying neuronal kinetics on the microsecond scale noninvasively.
  • This advancement overcomes the limitations of millisecond-scale resolution in current noninvasive techniques.
  • The findings open new possibilities for in vivo investigation of rapid neural processes.