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Related Concept Videos

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview01:12

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

1.6K
The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse....
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2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques01:16

2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques

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Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) is a powerful technique used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the correlations between nuclei of the same type within a molecule. It provides information about scalar couplings between adjacent nuclei, which helps determine connectivity and structural information. There are several COSY variants, each with its unique strengths and experimental parameters.
COSY90 is the standard two-dimensional (2D) COSY experiment that...
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2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

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Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other...
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2D NMR: Homonuclear Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY)01:06

2D NMR: Homonuclear Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY)

2.0K
Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy, or COSY, is a 2-dimensional NMR technique that provides information about coupled protons. Typically, the geminal and vicinal coupling are observed. For example, consider the COSY spectrum of ethyl acetate, where its 1D proton NMR spectrum is plotted along the vertical and horizontal axes with their corresponding chemical shift scale. Three spots on the diagonal corresponding to the three peaks in the 1D proton spectrum are called diagonal peaks. The COSY...
2.0K
2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

1.5K
Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
1.5K
Molecular Shapes01:18

Molecular Shapes

62.5K
Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
Two regions of electron density in a diatomic...
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From 3D Organoids back to 2D Enteroids.

Jonathan Braverman1, Ömer H Yilmaz2

  • 1Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

Developmental Cell
|March 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a simple, scalable method for culturing 2D enteroid monolayers. These cultures mimic 3D organoids and in vivo tissues, enabling high-throughput microscopy experiments.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Developmental biology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • 3D organoid cultures offer valuable models for studying intestinal biology.
  • Existing methods for organoid culture can be complex and difficult to scale.
  • In vivo intestinal tissue studies are essential but challenging for high-throughput analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simple and scalable method for culturing intestinal models.
  • To create a 2D enteroid monolayer system that recapitulates key features of 3D organoids and in vivo tissue.
  • To enable high-throughput microscopy-based experiments on intestinal models.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel 2D culture system for enteroid monolayers.
  • Characterization of the 2D enteroid monolayers' morphology and cellular composition.
  • Comparison of 2D enteroid monolayers with 3D organoid cultures and in vivo intestinal tissue.
  • Application of the 2D system for high-throughput microscopy.

Main Results:

  • The 2D enteroid monolayers successfully recapitulated many features of 3D organoid cultures.
  • The 2D system also mimicked aspects of in vivo intestinal tissue.
  • The method proved to be simple and scalable for generating these cultures.
  • The 2D enteroid monolayers were suitable for high-throughput microscopy-based experiments.

Conclusions:

  • A simple, scalable 2D enteroid monolayer culture method has been established.
  • This 2D system serves as an effective model, mirroring 3D organoids and in vivo tissues.
  • The developed method facilitates high-throughput microscopy, advancing intestinal research.